Combined oral contraceptives and sexual function in women-a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Abstract
CONTEXT: There is a lack of knowledge about how oral contraceptives may affect sexual function. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a causal effect of oral contraceptives on sexuality. We hypothesized that a widely used pill impairs sexuality. DESIGN: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Enrollment began in February 2012 and was completed in August 2015. SETTING: Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 340 healthy women, aged 18-35 years, were randomized to treatment, and 332 completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: A combined oral contraceptive (150 μg levonorgestrel and 30 μg ethinylestradiol) or placebo for 3 months of treatment. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was the aggregate score on the Profile of Female Sexual Function (PFSF). Secondary outcomes were the seven domains of the PFSF, the Sexual Activity Log, and the Personal Distress Scale. RESULTS: Overall sexual function was similar in women in the oral contraceptive and placebo groups. The PFSF domains desire (-4.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], -8.49 to -0.38; P = .032), arousal (-5.1; 95% CI, -9.63 to -0.48; P = .030), and pleasure (-5.1; 95% CI, -9.97 to -0.32; P = .036) were significantly reduced in comparison to placebo, whereas orgasm, concern, responsiveness, and self-image were similar between groups. The mean frequency of satisfying sexual episodes and personal distress were also similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows no negative impact of a levonorgestrel-containing oral contraceptive on overall sexual function, although three of seven sexual function domains were adversely affected.
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It has been demonstrated that OC may adversely affect desire, arousal, and pleasure.
“Moreover, it has been demonstrated that OC may adversely affect desire, arousal, and pleasure (68).”
From A stepped-care approach to symptomatic endometriosis management: A participatory research initiative (2018) · cites this paper as [68]
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- Authors
- Zethraeus, N., Dreber, A., Ranehill, E., Blomberg, L., Labrie, F., von Schoultz, B., Johannesson, M., & Hirschberg, A. L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Stockholm School of Economics (SE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Université Laval (CA)
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health (L.B., B.v.S., A.L.H), Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Corresponding author
- Hirschberg, Angelica Lindén
- Venue
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
- Publisher
- The Endocrine Society
- Published
- 2016-08-15
- Volume
- 101
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4046-4053
- ISSN
- 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
- 1945-7197
- OpenAlex
- W2514175137
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 7.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (149451, 20324, 100010)
- Forskningsrådet för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap
- Karolinska Institutet (20324, 20130313)
- Stockholms Läns Landsting (20324)
- Vetenskapsrådet (20324)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Keywords
- combined oral contraceptives, sexual function, female sexual function, levonorgestrel, ethinyl estradiol, sexual desire, sexual arousal, sexual pleasure, sexual distress, young women
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Arousal, Contraceptives, Oral, Combined, Double-Blind Method, Drug Combinations, Ethinyl Estradiol, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Patient Dropouts, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological, Stress, Psychological, Sweden, Levonorgestrel, Patient Satisfaction, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological, Young Adult, Pleasure, Lost to Follow-Up
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