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Cited by 118Doping in SportsHormonal and reproductive studiesPharmacological Effects and Assays

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Diagnosis and Management of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use

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Anawalt, Bradley D·2019·The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
DOI 10.1210/jc.2018-01882PMC PMC6517163
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Abstract

CONTEXT: The lifetime prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use is estimated at 1% to 5% worldwide. AAS use occurs primarily male elite athletes and men who want a muscular appearance. The evidence for effective, safe management of AAS cessation and withdrawal is weak. DESIGN: Key studies were extracted from PubMed (1990-2018) and Google Scholar with reference searches from relevant retrieved articles. RESULTS: The proven adverse effects of AASs include suppression of the gonadal axis and infertility, hirsutism and defeminization in women, and erythrocytosis. Alkylated AASs that are taken orally may cause hepatopathy. There is an association between high-dosage AAS use and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Clues for AAS use include very low serum high-density cholesterol and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations and unexplained erythrocytosis. For elite athletes, the biological passport (monitoring of blood or urinary androgen and androgen precursor concentrations after determining the athlete's baseline) is useful for detecting AAS use. For nonelite athletes, the best method to confirm AAS use is to inquire in a nonjudgmental manner. Cessation of chronic AAS use is associated with a withdrawal syndrome of anxiety and depression. CONCLUSIONS: Men who use AASs <1 year typically recover normal hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis function within 1 year after cessation. Men who have infertility due to high-dosage AAS use ≥1 year might benefit from short-term treatment with clomiphene or human chorionic gonadotropin.

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. 1987, the use and abuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids in sports, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 19, 534
  2. Mele, 1, 2018, Data breaches keep happening. So why don't you do something, New York Times

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Metadata

Authors
Anawalt, B. D.
Affiliations
University of Washington (US)
Corresponding author
Anawalt, Bradley D
ORCID
Anawalt, Bradley D
Venue
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism
Publisher
The Endocrine Society
Published
2019-02-11
Volume
104
Issue
7
Pages
2490-2500
ISSN
  • 0021-972X (ISSN-L)
  • 1945-7197
DOI
10.1210/jc.2018-01882
PMC
PMC6517163
OpenAlex
W2914076077
Cited by
118
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
FWCI
3.14
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (NIH HSN27500006, HHSN27500003, U54HD042454-06)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Doping in Sports
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Pharmacological Effects and Assays
Keywords
anabolic steroids, withdrawal syndrome, hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, infertility, erythrocytosis, sex hormone-binding globulin, cardiovascular risk, liver disease, biological passport, clomiphene citrate, human chorionic gonadotropin, adverse effects
MeSH terms
Androgens, Doping in Sports, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Substance Abuse Detection, Prevalence, Substance-Related Disorders, Anabolic Agents, Athletes, Performance-Enhancing Substances

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