Gonadal Steroids and Body Composition, Strength, and Sexual Function in Men
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Current approaches to diagnosing testosterone deficiency do not consider the physiological consequences of various testosterone levels or whether deficiencies of testosterone, estradiol, or both account for clinical manifestations. METHODS: We provided 198 healthy men 20 to 50 years of age with goserelin acetate (to suppress endogenous testosterone and estradiol) and randomly assigned them to receive a placebo gel or 1.25 g, 2.5 g, 5 g, or 10 g of testosterone gel daily for 16 weeks. Another 202 healthy men received goserelin acetate, placebo gel or testosterone gel, and anastrozole (to suppress the conversion of testosterone to estradiol). Changes in the percentage of body fat and in lean mass were the primary outcomes. Subcutaneous- and intraabdominal-fat areas, thigh-muscle area and strength, and sexual function were also assessed. RESULTS: The percentage of body fat increased in groups receiving placebo or 1.25 g or 2.5 g of testosterone daily without anastrozole (mean testosterone level, 44±13 ng per deciliter, 191±78 ng per deciliter, and 337±173 ng per deciliter, respectively). Lean mass and thigh-muscle area decreased in men receiving placebo and in those receiving 1.25 g of testosterone daily without anastrozole. Leg-press strength fell only with placebo administration. In general, sexual desire declined as the testosterone dose was reduced. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of testosterone required to maintain lean mass, fat mass, strength, and sexual function varied widely in men. Androgen deficiency accounted for decreases in lean mass, muscle size, and strength; estrogen deficiency primarily accounted for increases in body fat; and both contributed to the decline in sexual function. Our findings support changes in the approach to evaluation and management of hypogonadism in men. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00114114.).
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Different testosterone thresholds may exist for different symptoms including libido, erectile function, muscle anabolism, bone turnover, and adipogenesis, and supplementation beyond a set threshold likely has declining efficacy for that variable.
“As different T thresholds may exist for different symptoms including libido, erectile function, muscle anabolism, bone turnover, and adipogenesis, supplementation beyond a set threshold likely has declining efficacy for that variable.130, 131”
From Challenges in Testosterone Measurement, Data Interpretation, and Methodological Appraisal of Interventional Trials (2016) · cites this paper as [130]
Dose-response studies show that in men whose endogenous testosterone is fully suppressed, add-back administration of increasing doses of testosterone that produce graded increases in circulating testosterone causes a dose-dependent increase in muscle mass and strength.
“Dose-response studies show that in men whose endogenous testosterone is fully suppressed, add-back administration of increasing doses of testosterone that produce graded increases in circulating testosterone causes a dose-dependent (whether expressed according to testosterone dose or circulating levels) increase in muscle mass (measured as lean body mass) and strength (65, 111).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
Androgen sensitivity of responsive tissues differs and may be optimal at different circulating testosterone concentrations.
“Furthermore, there is evidence that the androgen sensitivity of responsive tissues differs and may be optimal at different circulating testosterone concentrations (65).”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
Testosterone has a disproportionately greater effect on muscle strength than on muscle mass.
“These studies did not report muscle strength, but other studies of testosterone dose-response relationships for muscle mass and strength show consistently positively correlation (65, 93, 117, 119), although with disproportionately greater effect on muscle strength than on muscle mass.”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
Testosterone dose-response relationships for muscle mass and strength show a consistent positive correlation.
“These studies did not report muscle strength, but other studies of testosterone dose-response relationships for muscle mass and strength show consistently positively correlation (65, 93, 117, 119), although with disproportionately greater effect on muscle strength than on muscle mass.”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
The time course of offset of androgen effects following withdrawal of male testosterone concentrations may differ between the major androgen-responsive tissues.
“Just as androgen sensitivity to testosterone may differ between tissues (65), the time course of offset of androgen effects following withdrawal of male testosterone concentrations may also differ between the major androgen-responsive tissues.”
From Circulating Testosterone as the Hormonal Basis of Sex Differences in Athletic Performance (2018) · cites this paper as [65]
Mechanistic studies in men where testosterone is administrated concomitantly with an AI suggest that the fat reducing effects of testosterone are at least in part dependent on its aromatization to E2.
“Mechanistic studies in men where testosterone is administrated concomitantly with an AI, 172 , 180 , 181 , 182 , 183 suggest that the fat reducing effects of testosterone are at least in part dependent on its aromatization to E2.”
From The role of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of obesity and its utility as a target for obesity treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
These findings which imply that inhibition of E2 promotes fat loss are contrary to Finkelstein's work reporting that E2 is required to mediate the fat reducing action of testosterone.
“these findings which imply that inhibition of E2 promotes fat loss are contrary to Finkelstein's work 181 reporting that E2 is required to mediate the fat reducing action of testosterone.”
From The role of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of obesity and its utility as a target for obesity treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
Finkelstein et al. demonstrated the importance of the aromatization of testosterone to estradiol and ER signaling in the reduction of testosterone-mediated fat mass.
“Considering the work of Finkelstein et al. 181 demonstrating the importance of the aromatization of testosterone to estradiol and ER signaling in the reduction of testosterone‐mediated fat mass, SARMs may be less potent in fat mass reduction compared with testosterone due to their non‐aromatizable nature.”
From The role of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of obesity and its utility as a target for obesity treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
SARMs may be less potent in fat mass reduction compared with testosterone due to their non-aromatizable nature.
“Considering the work of Finkelstein et al. 181 demonstrating the importance of the aromatization of testosterone to estradiol and ER signaling in the reduction of testosterone‐mediated fat mass, SARMs may be less potent in fat mass reduction compared with testosterone due to their non‐aromatizable nature.”
From The role of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of obesity and its utility as a target for obesity treatments (2022) · cites this paper as [181]
Oestradiol may be important for sexual function, prevention of abdominal adiposity, and insulin sensitivity.
“In addition to bone health, 119 oestradiol may be important for of sexual function, prevention of abdominal adiposity 68 and insulin sensitivity.69,120”
From Hypogonadism and male obesity: Focus on unresolved questions (2018) · cites this paper as [68]
Estradiol has important biological actions for maintenance of bone mass in men, optimal sexual function, and prevention of fat gain.
“there is evidence that estradiol has important biological actions not only for maintenance of bone mass in men, but also for optimal sexual function and the prevention of fat gain (52).”
From A Perspective on Middle-Aged and Older Men With Functional Hypogonadism: Focus on Holistic Management (2017) · cites this paper as [52]
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Aromatase Inhibition Reduces Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Men
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The weight of fatherhood: Identifying mechanisms to explain paternal perinatal weight gain
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Novel Therapy for Male Hypogonadism
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- Authors
- Finkelstein, J. S., Lee, H., Burnett-Bowie, S.-A. M., Pallais, J. C., Yu, E. W., Borges, L. F., Jones, B. F., Barry, C. V., Wulczyn, K. E., Thomas, B. J., & Leder, B. Z.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2013-09-12
- Volume
- 369
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1011-1022
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC4142768
- OpenAlex
- W2118553855
- Cited by
- 782
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 79 · 2015: 66 · 2014: 89 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 63.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG030545)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K24DK02759, K24DK002759)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR001066, RR-1066)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Keywords
- testosterone replacement therapy, androgen deficiency, hypogonadism, estradiol deficiency, goserelin acetate, anastrozole, testosterone gel, body composition, lean body mass, fat mass, muscle strength, sexual function, healthy men, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Body Composition, Estradiol, Humans, Libido, Male, Middle Aged, Testosterone, Goserelin, Aromatase Inhibitors, Muscle Strength, Young Adult
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