Cited by 525Prostate Cancer Treatment and ResearchEstrogen and related hormone effectsHormonal and reproductive studies

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Domains of the Human Androgen Receptor Involved in Steroid Binding, Transcriptional Activation, and Subcellular Localization

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Jenster, Guido, van der Korput, Hetty A. G. M., van Vroonhoven, Cor, van der Kwast, Theo H., Trapman, Jan, Brinkmann, Albert O.·1991·Molecular Endocrinology

DOI 10.1210/mend-5-10-1396

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Abstract

A series of human androgen receptor (AR) deletion mutants was constructed to study the relationship between the structural domains and their different functions in the AR protein. Human AR mutants were expressed in COS-1 and HeLa cells to investigate hormone binding, transcriptional activation, and subcellular localization. The wild-type human AR (AR 1–910) was expressed as a 110- to 112-kDa doublet, as revealed on immunoblots. All mutant AR proteins also migrated as doublets, except for one. This AR has a deletion from amino acid residues 51–211 and migrated as a single protein band, possibly due to altered posttranslational modification. The AR steroid-binding domain is encoded by approximately 250 amino acid residues in the Cterminal end. Deletions in this domain as well as truncation of the last 12 C-terminal amino acid residues abolished hormone binding. Cotransfection studies in HeLa cells showed that transcriptional activation of an androgen-regulated reporter gene construct was induced by the wildtype human AR. Mutational analysis revealed two regions in the N-terminal part, encoded by amino acid residues 51–211 and 244–360, to be essential for this transcriptional activation. Deletion of the hormone-binding domain yielded a constitutively active AR protein, indicating that in the absence of hormone this domain displays an inhibitory function. In the presence of its ligand, the wild-type AR was located in the cell nucleus. In the absence of androgens the receptor was mainly nuclear, but cytoplasmic localization was observed as well. In contrast, an AR deletion mutant lacking part of the DNAbinding domain and part of the hinge region was exclusively cytoplasmic in the absence of hormone. This mutant AR lacks a region that is highly conserved among steroid receptors and homologous to the simian virus-40 large T-antigen- and nucleoplas-min-nuclear localization signals. Transformation by hormone directed this mutant to the nucleus, indicating the presence of a second, hormone-dependent nuclear targeting mechanism.

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Glass-Holmes, M., Aguilar, B. J., Oriaku, E. T., & Goodman, C. B. (2012) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.26.1_supplement.1038.4
“4-OH-PhIP was also docked to the AR LBD but showed lower binding affinity when compared to DHT (Figure 2).”
Background
Mono-ubiquitination mediated regulation of KMT5A and its role in prostate cancer
Azizyan, M. (2017)
Androgen Receptors in Human Prostate Cancer
Sadi, M. V., & Barrack, E. R. (1994) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-564499-0.50011-0
New Approaches to Osteoporosis Therapeutics
Dresner–Pollak, R., Stoch, S. A., & Rosenblatt, M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012370544-0.50082-3
Development of novel androgen receptor inhibitors to overcome castrate-resistant prostate cancer
Saraç, H., Cherkasov, A. R., & Lack, N. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821310-0.00007-3
Developing Inhibitors to the Amino-Terminus Domains of Steroid Hormone Receptors
Obst, J. K., Tien, A. H., & Sadar, M. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-78315-0_22
Androgen Receptor
Sutinen, P., Malinen, M., & Palvimo, J. J. (2016) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29456-8_12-1 · Cited by 1
Novel Inhibitors of Protein-Protein Interaction for Prostate Cancer Therapy
Wilding, G. (2014) · doi:10.21236/ada606109

Authors: Jenster, G., van der Korput, H. A. G. M., van Vroonhoven, C., van der Kwast, T. H., Trapman, J., & Brinkmann, A. O.
Affiliations: Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
ORCID: Jenster, Guido
Venue: Molecular Endocrinology
Publisher: The Endocrine Society
Published: 1991-10
Volume: 5
Issue: 10
Pages: 1396-1404
ISSN: 0888-8809 (ISSN-L)
1944-9917
DOI: 10.1210/mend-5-10-1396
OpenAlex: W2002791165
Cited by: 523
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 25.65
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Molecular Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
Keywords: androgen receptor, steroid-binding domain, transcriptional activation, subcellular localization, nuclear localization signal, nuclear targeting, hormone binding, constitutively active receptor, deletion mutants, DNA-binding domain, hinge region, post-translational modification
MeSH terms: Animals, Binding Sites, Cell Line, Chromosome Deletion, DNA-Binding Proteins, Genetic Vectors, HeLa Cells, Humans, Immunohistochemistry, Plasmids, Receptors, Androgen, Recombinant Proteins, Transcription, Genetic, Transfection, Restriction Mapping, Chloramphenicol O-Acetyltransferase, Metribolone

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Domains of the Human Androgen Receptor Involved in Steroid Binding, Transcriptional Activation, and Subcellular Localization

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