The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Visual memory predicts Alzheimer's disease more than a decade before diagnosis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested that AD may reflect a chronic process that begins many years before the clinical expression of dementia. The current study examines premorbid Benton Visual Retention Test (BVRT) and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-vocabulary (WAIS-voc) test scores in order to determine whether long-term deficits in these tests can predict the development of AD decades later in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). METHOD: Participants are volunteers from the BLSA, a multidisciplinary study of normal aging conducted by the National Institute on Aging. A total of 1,425 BLSA participants who were older than 60 years were included in the analyses. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the relative risk of developing AD associated with BVRT and WAIS-voc scores at different time periods up to 20 years before the diagnosis of AD. RESULTS: The relative risks for 6 or more BVRT errors vs less than 6 errors at 1 to 3, 3 to 5, 5 to 10, and 10 to 15 years before the diagnosis of AD were 5.69, 2.11, 1.76, and 1.83 (p < 0.05). The relative risk for 15 or more years before diagnosis was not significant (p > 0.10). WAIS-voc scores were not significantly associated with the risk of AD in any time period. CONCLUSIONS: A greater number of errors on the BVRT is associated with an increased risk of AD up to 15 years later. Poor visual memory performance may represent an early expression of AD years before diagnosis. This result suggests the need to continue to revise views on the natural history of AD and the possibility of an increased window of opportunity for preventive treatment before definitive diagnosis.
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“Second, story recall may be less sensitive to MCI or an evolving dementia than tests of verbal list learning [11–16] or perhaps visual memory [17].”
From Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment Improves Diagnostic Precision, Biomarker Associations, and Progression Rates (2014) · cites this paper as [17]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Subtle cognitive deficits can be detected many years before AD diagnosis(Elias et al., 2000; Kawas et al., 2003; Saxton et al., 2004; Tierney et al., 2005) but have not previously been correlated with AD lesions in nondemented individuals.”
From Neuropathology of nondemented aging: presumptive evidence for preclinical Alzheimer disease (2009) · cites this paper as Kawas et al., 2003
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Citations
Cites
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Age-specific incidence rates of Alzheimer’s disease: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: A specific amyloid-β protein assembly in the brain impairs memory
Lesné, S., Koh, M. T., Kotilinek, L., Kayed, R., Glabe, C. G., Yang, A., Gallagher, M., & Ashe, K. H. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04533 · Cited by 2,769
RetractedShumaker, S. A., Legault, C., Rapp, S. R., Thal, L., Wallace, R. B., Ockene, J. K., Hendrix, S. L., Jones III, B. N., Assaf, A. R., Jackson, R. D., et al. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.20.2651 · Cited by 2,178
Physical Activity, Including Walking, and Cognitive Function in Older Women
Weuve, J. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.292.12.1454 · Cited by 1,175
Bondi, M. W., Initiative, F. T. A. D. N., Edmonds, E. C., Jak, A. J., Clark, L. R., Delano-Wood, L., McDonald, C. R., Nation, D. A., Libon, D. J., Au, R., et al. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-140276 · Cited by 772
Neuropathology of nondemented aging: presumptive evidence for preclinical Alzheimer disease
Price, J. L., McKeel, D. W., Buckles, V. D., Roe, C. M., Xiong, C., Grundman, M., Hansen, L. A., Petersen, R. C., Parisi, J. E., Dickson, D. W., et al. (2009) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.002 · Cited by 661
Metadata
- Authors
- Kawas, C. H., Corrada, M. M., Brookmeyer, R., Morrison, A., Resnick, S. M., Zonderman, A. B., & Arenberg, D.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2003-04-08
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1089-1093
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2027150507
- Cited by
- 247
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 8.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG008325, AG08325, P50AG005146, AG 05146)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, visual memory, Benton Visual Retention Test, vocabulary, dementia risk prediction, early detection, prophylaxis, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Chronic Disease, Dementia, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Memory Disorders, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk, Sensitivity and Specificity, Visual Perception, Cohort Studies, Comorbidity, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Assessment
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