The DOI matches its Crossref record; 50 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Education and cognitive reserve in old age
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To assess the contribution of education to cognitive reserve. METHODS: Analyses are based on older participants in a longitudinal clinical-pathologic cohort study who had annual cognitive testing (n = 2,899) and subgroups that developed incident dementia (n = 696), died, and underwent a neuropathologic examination from which 10 neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular markers were derived (n = 752), or both (n = 405). Cognitive test scores were converted to a standard scale and averaged to yield composite measures of cognition. RESULTS: Participants had a mean of 16.3 years of education (SD = 3.7, range 0-30). In all participants, education was associated with initial level of global cognition but not rate of cognitive change. In those who developed dementia, rate of global cognitive decline accelerated a mean of 1.8 years before the diagnosis, but education was not related to the onset or rate of accelerated decline. In the deceased, rate of global cognitive decline accelerated a mean of 3.4 years before death, but higher educational attainment was related to earlier (not later) onset of accelerated decline and unrelated to rate of acceleration. Higher education was associated with lower likelihood of gross and microscopic cerebral infarcts but not with other neuropathologic markers. Education was not related to global cognitive change not attributable to neuropathologic burden and did not decrease the association of higher neuropathologic burden with more rapid cognitive decline. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the contribution of education to cognitive reserve is limited to its association with level of cognitive function before old age.
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“More recent research incorporating these technological advances suggests that rather than reducing the risk of developing Alzheimer's brain changes, formal education may help sustain cognitive function in mid‐ and late life and delay the development of symptoms.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [162]
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Self-citationInfluence of education and occupation on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease
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Neuropathology of older persons without cognitive impairment from two community-based studies
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Self-citationSocial Disengagement and Incident Cognitive Decline in Community-Dwelling Elderly Persons
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The neuropathology of probable Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment
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Self-citationOverview and Findings from the Rush Memory and Aging Project
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Self-citationIndividual differences in rates of change in cognitive abilities of older persons.
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2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2023) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13016 · Cited by 3,212
2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
(2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13809 · Cited by 2,536
Sex and gender differences in cognitive resilience to aging and Alzheimer's disease
Arenaza‐Urquijo, E. M., Boyle, R., Casaletto, K., Anstey, K. J., Vila‐Castelar, C., Colverson, A., Palpatzis, E., Eissman, J. M., Kheng Siang Ng, T., Raghavan, S., et al. (2024) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13844 · Cited by 223
The dynamics of biomarkers across the clinical spectrum of Alzheimer's disease
Hadjichrysanthou, C., Evans, S., Bajaj, S., Siakallis, L. C., McRae-McKee, K., de Wolf, F., Anderson, R. M., & Initiative, T. A. D. N. (2020) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-020-00636-z · Cited by 86
“However, there are divergent views amongst researchers on the actual impact of education on the development of AD and the rate of progression [20, 55, 56].”
How Do Cognitively Stimulating Activities Affect Cognition and the Brain Throughout Life?
Mather, M. (2020) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100620941808 · Cited by 36
Metadata
- Authors
- Wilson, R. S., Yu, L., Lamar, M., Schneider, J. A., Boyle, P. A., & Bennett, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2019-03-05
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- e1041-e1050
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC6442015
- OpenAlex
- W2913554719
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 15
- FWCI
- 22.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag020048-24)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG017917, R01AG057907, R01-AG020048, R01AG056533, R01AG056352, R01AG057914, RF1AG057532, R01AG050631, R01AG048108, RF1AG051641, RF1AG022018, R01AG052488, P01AG014449, U01AG046152, R01AG057911, R01AG029672, R01AG053446, R01AG051635, R01AG055430, R01AG033570, R01AG015819, P30AG010161, R01AG046174, RF1AG048056, R01AG050431, R01AG047976, RF1AG054057, R01AG054058, U01AG046161, RF1AG052476, RF1AG057471, R01AG054476, RF1AG015819, RF1AG057473, RF1AG036042, R01AG057912, U24AG056270, R01AG033678, R01AG034374)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL129153)
- National Human Genome Research Institute (UM1HG009443)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK099269)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS086736, R01NS084965, UH2NS100599, R21NS095723, R01NS089674, R01NS093870)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Keywords
- educational attainment, cognitive reserve, cognitive decline, dementia, cerebral infarction, neurodegeneration, cerebrovascular disease, older adults, cognitive function
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Brain, Dementia, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Primary Prevention, Cognitive Reserve
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