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Bright light therapy for depression in Parkinson disease: A randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
Objective To assess the efficacy of bright light therapy (BLT) in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) compared to a control light. Methods In this double-blind controlled trial, we randomized patients with PD and MDD to treatment with BLT (±10,000 lux) or a control light (±200 lux). Participants were treated for 3 months, followed by a 6-month naturalistic follow-up. The primary outcome of the study was the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score. Secondary outcomes were objective and subjective sleep measures and salivary melatonin and cortisol concentrations. Assessments were repeated halfway, at the end of treatment, and 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment. Data were analyzed with a linear mixed-model analysis. Results We enrolled 83 participants. HDRS scores decreased in both groups without a significant between-group difference at the end of treatment. Subjective sleep quality improved in both groups, with a larger improvement in the BLT group (B [SE] = 0.32 [0.16], p = 0.04). Total salivary cortisol secretion decreased in the BLT group, while it increased in the control group (B [SE] = −8.11 [3.93], p = 0.04). Conclusion BLT was not more effective in reducing depressive symptoms than a control light. Mood and subjective sleep improved in both groups. BLT was more effective in improving subjective sleep quality than control light, possibly through a BLT-induced decrease in cortisol levels. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01604876. Classification of evidence This study provides Class I evidence that BLT is not superior to a control light device in reducing depressive symptoms in patients with PD with MDD.
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“There is increasing evidence for the therapeutic efficacy of phototherapy for MDD. 403 , 404”
From Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [403]
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“Of the nine included RCTs, eight used placebo interventions for the control group (27–30, 34, 35), mainly dim light therapy.”
InfluentialWang, X., Ding, Y., Elmadhoun, O., Yuan, Y., Tong, Y., Cai, L., Ji, Q., Wang, Y., Li, F., & Geng, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1753102
Messak, M., Abdelmageed, A., Khattab, Y. A., Mandour, Y., Shaker, O., & Negida, A. (2026) · Neurodegenerative Disease Management · doi:10.1080/17582024.2026.2681564
Effects of light therapy on sleep and anxiety in Parkinson's disease: A pilot trial
Shen, Y., Li, H., Dai, J., Zhou, Q.-J., Tao, M., Xie, W.-Y., Lou, H., Liu, J., Gao, F., Hu, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122121
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Zhang, X., 申维娜, Wu, Y., Zhang, W., & Ye, Q. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27156719
“Rutten et al. further demonstrated that BLT improves depressive symptoms in PD patients in a randomized controlled trial [83].”
Morning lighting intervention reduces fatigue and improves sleep in Parkinson disease
Park, J. S., Yang, M., Beltre, M. A., Raymond, D., During, E., Wise, A. H., Pullman, M. Y., Plitnick, B., Bressman, S., Figueiro, M. G., et al. (2026) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.neurot.2026.e01095
“Subsequent controlled and longitudinal studies have reinforced and extended the benefits of BLT [24,26,28 – 31, 34, 38 – 43].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Rutten, S., Vriend, C., Smit, J. H., Berendse, H. W., van Someren, E. J. W., Hoogendoorn, A. W., Twisk, J. W. R., van der Werf, Y. D., & van den Heuvel, O. A.
- Affiliations
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NL)
- From Amsterdam UMC (S.R., C.V., J.H.S., E.J.W.v.S., A.W.H., O.A.v.d.H.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Department of Research and Innovation (S.R., J.H.S., A.W.H., O.A.v.d.H.), GGZ InGeest; Amsterdam UMC (C.V., H.W.B., Y.D.v.d.W.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Amsterdam UMC (H.W.B.), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Department of Sleep and...
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2019-03-12
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e1145-e1156
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2912349634
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- KNAW Research Portal (The Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences) (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (submittedVersion)
- KNAW research portal (Royal Academy of Art and Sciences (KNAW)) (submittedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Hersenstichting
- Parkinson Vereniging
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- bright light therapy, Parkinson's disease, major depressive disorder, depression, sleep quality, salivary cortisol, salivary melatonin, light intensity
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Phototherapy, Saliva, Sleep, Treatment Outcome
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