Cited by 2,353HIV Research and TreatmentHIV/AIDS drug development and treatmentInfectious Diseases and Tuberculosis

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study

Open access

Heaton, R.K., Clifford, D.B., Franklin, D.R., Woods, S.P., Ake, C., Vaida, F., Ellis, R.J., Letendre, S.L., Marcotte, T.D., Atkinson, J.H., Rivera-Mindt, M., Vigil, O.R., Taylor, M.J., Collier, A.C., Marra, C.M., Gelman, B.B., McArthur, J.C., Morgello, S., Simpson, D.M., McCutchan, J.A., Abramson, I., Gamst, A., Fennema-Notestine, C., Jernigan, T.L., Wong, J., Grant, I., For the CHARTER Group·2010·Neurology

DOI 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318200d727PMC PMC2995535

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

OBJECTIVES: This is a cross-sectional, observational study to determine the frequency and associated features of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in a large, diverse sample of infected individuals in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). METHODS: A total of 1,555 HIV-infected adults were recruited from 6 university clinics across the United States, with minimal exclusions. We used standardized neuromedical, psychiatric, and neuropsychological (NP) examinations, and recently published criteria for diagnosing HAND and classifying 3 levels of comorbidity (minimal to severe non-HIV risks for NP impairment). RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of the total sample had NP impairment, with higher rates in groups with greater comorbidity burden (40%, 59%, and 83%). Prevalence estimates for specific HAND diagnoses (excluding severely confounded cases) were 33% for asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, 12% for mild neurocognitive disorder, and only 2% for HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Among participants with minimal comorbidities (n = 843), history of low nadir CD4 was a strong predictor of impairment, and the lowest impairment rate on CART occurred in the subset with suppressed plasma viral loads and nadir CD4 ≥200 cells/mm(3) (30% vs 47% in remaining subgroups). CONCLUSIONS: The most severe HAND diagnosis (HAD) was rare, but milder forms of impairment remained common, even among those receiving CART who had minimal comorbidities. Future studies should clarify whether early disease events (e.g., profound CD4 decline) may trigger chronic CNS changes, and whether early CART prevents or reverses these changes.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318200d727

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Beck Depression Inventory–II
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. (2011) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t00742-000 · Cited by 7,535
Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
Antinori, A., Arendt, G., Becker, J. T., Brew, B. J., Byrd, D. A., Cherner, M., Clifford, D. B., Cinque, P., Epstein, L. G., Goodkin, K., et al. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000287431.88658.8b · Cited by 2,630
Self-citation
Validation of the CNS Penetration-Effectiveness Rank for Quantifying Antiretroviral Penetration Into the Central Nervous System
Letendre, S. L. (2008) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2007.31 · Cited by 831
Self-citation
The impact of HIV-associated neuropsychological impairment on everyday functioning
Heaton, R. K., Marcotte, T. D., Mindt, M. R., Sadek, J. R., Moore, D. J., Bentley, H. A., McCutchan, J. A., REICKS, C., Grant, I., & THE HNRC GROUP (2004) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617704102130 · Cited by 726
Self-citation
The HNRC 500-Neuropsychology of Hiv infection at different disease stages
Heaton, R. K., Grant, I., Butters, N., White, D. A., Kirson, D., Atkinson, J. H., McCutchan, J. A., Taylor, M. J., Kelly, M. D., Ellis, R. J., et al. (1995) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617700000230 · Cited by 636
Self-citation
HIV and antiretroviral therapy in the brain: neuronal injury and repair
Ellis, R. J., Langford, D., & Masliah, E. (2006) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2040 · Cited by 533
Self-citation
Chemokine receptors in the central nervous system: role in brain inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases
Cartier, L., Hartley, O., Dubois‐Dauphin, M., & Krause, K. (2004) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.07.021 · Cited by 520
Persistence of Neuropsychologic Deficits Despite Long-Term Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in Patients With HIV-Related Neurocognitive Impairment
Tozzi, V., Balestra, P., Bellagamba, R., Corpolongo, A., Salvatori, M. F., Comandini, U. V., Vlassi, C., Giulianelli, M., Galgani, S., Antinori, A., et al. (2007) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e318042e1ee · Cited by 323
Cerebrospinal fluid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels are elevated in neurocognitively impaired individuals with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
Ellis, R. J., Hsia, K., Spector, S. A., Nelson, J. A. E., Heaton, R. K., Wallace, M. R., ABRAMSON, I. S., Atkinson, J. H., Grant, I., & McCutchan, J. A. (1997) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410420503 · Cited by 318
Self-citation
Interrater Reliability of Clinical Ratings and Neurocognitive Diagnoses in HIV
Woods, S. P., Rippeth, J. D., Frol, A. B., Levy, J. K., Ryan, E., Soukup, V. M., Hinkin, C. H., Lazzaretto, D., Cherner, M., Marcotte, T. D., et al. (2004) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490509565 · Cited by 311
Self-citation

Show all 33 references

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,002

Prevalence and Correlates of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) in Northwestern Nigeria
Yakasai, A. M., Gudaji, M., Hamza, M., Aliyu, I., Owolabi, L. F., Ibrahim, D. A., Babashani, M., Mijinyawa, M. S., Borodo, M. M., Ogun, S. A., et al. (2015) · Neurology Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/486960 · Cited by 42
Predictors of CNS injury as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the setting of chronic HIV infection and CART
Harezlak, J., Cohen, R. A., Gongvatana, A., Taylor, M. J., Buchthal, S. D., Schifitto, G., Zhong, J., Daar, E. S., Alger, J. R., Brown, M. S., et al. (2014) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-014-0246-6 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Neurocognitive deficits in HIV-infected women and victims of childhood trauma
Spies, G., Fennema‐Notestine, C., Archibald, S. L., Cherner, M., & Seedat, S. (2012) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.687813 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Cognitive Impairment and Persistent CNS Injury in Treated HIV
Chan, P., Hellmuth, J. M., Spudich, S., & Valcour, V. (2016) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-016-0319-7 · Cited by 39
Chronic Tobacco-Smoking on Psychopathological Symptoms, Impulsivity and Cognitive Deficits in HIV-Infected Individuals
Chang, L., Lim, A., Lau, E., & Alicata, D. (2017) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-017-9728-7 · Cited by 39
The Glucocorticoid Receptor Is a Critical Regulator of HIV Latency in Human Microglial Cells
Alvarez-Carbonell, D., Ye, F., Ramanath, N., Dobrowolski, C. N., & Karn, J. (2018) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-018-9798-1 · Cited by 39
Lifetime antiretroviral exposure and neurocognitive impairment in HIV
Amusan, P., Power, C., Gill, M. J., Gómez, D., Johnson, E., Rubin, L. H., & Fujiwara, E. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00870-z · Cited by 39
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Methamphetamine-Mediated Mitochondrial Damage and Neuronal Degeneration in Human Neurons
Teodorof‐Diedrich, C., & Spector, S. A. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.00924-20 · Cited by 39
Association of Immunosuppression and Viral Load With Subcortical Brain Volume in an International Sample of People Living With HIV
Nir, T. M., Fouché, J., Ananworanich, J., Ances, B. M., Boban, J. M., Brew, B. J., Chaganti, J. R., Chang, L., Ching, C. R. K., Cysique, L. A., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31190 · Cited by 39
Clinical consequences of asymptomatic cytomegalovirus in treated human immunodeficency virus infection
Schnittman, S. R., & Hunt, P. W. (2021) · Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS · doi:10.1097/coh.0000000000000678 · Cited by 39
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND): Obstacles to Early Neuropsychological Diagnosis
Vastag, Z., Firă-Mladinescu, O., & Roşca, E. C. (2022) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s295859 · Cited by 39
CSF biomarkers of monocyte activation and chemotaxis correlate with magnetic resonance spectroscopy metabolites during chronic HIV disease
for the CHARTER Group, Anderson, A. M. L., Fennema‐Notestine, C., Umlauf, A., Taylor, M. J., Clifford, D. B., Marra, C. M., Collier, A. C., Gelman, B. B., McArthur, J. C., et al. (2015) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-015-0359-6 · Cited by 39
Self-citation
Rivastigmine for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders
Simioni, S., Cavassini, M. L., Annoni, J., Métral, M., Iglesias, K., Abraham, A. R., Jilek, S., Calmy, A., Müller, H., Fayet-Mello, A., et al. (2013) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182815497 · Cited by 39
Imaging Dopaminergic Dysfunction as a Surrogate Marker of Neuropathology in a Small-Animal Model of HIV
Lee, D. E., Reid, W. C., Ibrahim, W. G., Peterson, K. L., Lentz, M. R., Maric, D., Choyke, P. L., Jagoda, E. M., & Hammoud, D. A. (2014) · Molecular Imaging · doi:10.2310/7290.2014.00031 · Cited by 39
Studying the neuropsychological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2: lessons learned from 35 years of neuroHIV research
Levine, A. J., Sacktor, N. C., & Becker, J. T. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-020-00897-2 · Cited by 39
Modeling Deficits in Attention, Inhibition, and Flexibility in HAND
Moran, L. M., Booze, R. M., & Mactutus, C. F. (2014) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-014-9539-z · Cited by 38
Memory impairment among people who are homeless: A systematic review
Ennis, N., Roy, S., & Topolovec‐Vranic, J. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2014.921714 · Cited by 38
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Perspective on Management Strategies
Nabha, L., Duong, L., & Timpone, J. G. (2013) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-013-0059-6 · Cited by 38
Sterile alpha motif and histidine/aspartic acid domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1)-facilitated HIV restriction in astrocytes is regulated by miRNA-181a
Pilakka‐Kanthikeel, S., Raymond, A., Atluri, V. S. R., Sagar, V., Saxena, S. K., Diaz, P., Chevelon, S., Concepcion, M., & Nair, M. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0285-9 · Cited by 39
The Wide Range Achievement Test–4 Reading subtest “holds” in HIV-infected individuals
Casaletto, K. B., Cattie, J. E., Franklin, D. R., Moore, D. J., Woods, S. P., Grant, I., Heaton, R. K., & HNRP Group (2014) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.960370 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Predictors of new-onset distal neuropathic pain in HIV-infected individuals in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy
Malvar, J., Vaida, F., Sanders, C., Atkinson, J. H., Bohannon, W., Keltner, J. R., Robinson‐Papp, J., Simpson, D. M., Marra, C. M., Clifford, D. B., et al. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/01.j.pain.0000461252.75089.bf · Cited by 38
Self-citation
In Vivo Models of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Persistence and Cure Strategies
Nixon, C. C., Mavigner, M., Silvestri, G., & García, J. V. (2017) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiw637 · Cited by 40
Frontline Science: CXCR7 mediates CD14+CD16+ monocyte transmigration across the blood brain barrier: a potential therapeutic target for NeuroAIDS
Veenstra, M., Williams, D. W., Calderon, T. M., Anastos, K., Morgello, S., & Berman, J. W. (2017) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.3hi0517-167r · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Doxycycline-inducible and astrocyte-specific HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice (iTat) as an HIV/neuroAIDS model
Langford, D., Kim, B. O., Zou, W., Fan, Y., Rahimain, P., Liu, Y., & He, J. J. (2017) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-017-0598-9 · Cited by 37
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-mediated neuroinflammation dysregulates neurogranin and induces synaptodendritic injury
Guha, D., Wagner, M. C. E., & Ayyavoo, V. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1160-2 · Cited by 38
Alterations in brain TREM 2 and Amyloid‐β levels are associated with neurocognitive impairment in HIV ‐infected persons on antiretroviral therapy
Fields, J. A., Spencer, B. J., Swinton, M. K., Qvale, E. M., Marquine, M. J., Alexeeva, A., Gough, S., Soontornniyomkij, B., Valera, E., Masliah, E., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14582 · Cited by 39
Astrocyte activation and altered metabolism in normal aging, age-related CNS diseases, and HAND
Cotto, B., Natarajaseenivasan, K., & Langford, D. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00721-6 · Cited by 40
Neurocognitive SuperAging in Older Adults Living With HIV: Demographic, Neuromedical and Everyday Functioning Correlates
Saloner, R., Campbell, L. M., Serrano, V. B., Montoya, J. L., Pasipanodya, E. C., Paolillo, E. W., Franklin, D. R., Ellis, R. J., Letendre, S. L., Collier, A. C., et al. (2019) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617719000018 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Dysfunctional Immunometabolism in HIV Infection: Contributing Factors and Implications for Age-Related Comorbid Diseases
Butterfield, T. R., LANDAY, A. L., & Anzinger, J. J. (2020) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-020-00484-4 · Cited by 39
Methamphetamine and Cannabis: A Tale of Two Drugs and their Effects on HIV, Brain, and Behavior
Saloner, R., Fields, J. A., Marcondes, M. C. G., Iudicello, J. E., von Känel, S., Cherner, M., Letendre, S. L., Kaul, M., & Grant, I. (2020) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-020-09957-0 · Cited by 40
Self-citation
Methamphetamine Increases the Proportion of SIV-Infected Microglia/Macrophages, Alters Metabolic Pathways, and Elevates Cell Death Pathways: A Single-Cell Analysis
Niu, M., Morsey, B., Lamberty, B. G., Emanuel, K. M., Yu, F., León‐Rivera, R., Berman, J. W., Gaskill, P. J., Matt, S. M., Ciborowski, P. S., et al. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12111297 · Cited by 38
MRI imaging features of HIV-related central nervous system diseases: diagnosis by pattern recognition in daily practice
Sakai, M., Higashi, M., Fujiwara, T., Uehira, T., Shirasaka, T., Nakanishi, K., Kashiwagi, N., Tanaka, H., Terada, H., & Tomiyama, N. (2021) · Japanese Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1007/s11604-021-01150-4 · Cited by 38
“Frontal systems” behaviors in comorbid human immunodeficiency virus infection and methamphetamine dependency
Marquine, M. J., Iudicello, J. E., Morgan, E. E., Brown, G. G., Letendre, S. L., Ellis, R. J., Deutsch, R., Woods, S. P., Grant, I., & Heaton, R. K. (2013) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2013.11.004 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
HIV-1 Nef in Macrophage-Mediated Disease Pathogenesis
Lamers, S. L., Fogel, G. B., Singer, E. J., Salemi, M., Nolan, D. J., Huysentruyt, L. C., & McGrath, M. S. (2012) · International Reviews of Immunology · doi:10.3109/08830185.2012.737073 · Cited by 37
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 viral protein R (Vpr) induces CCL5 expression in astrocytes via PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways
Gangwani, M. R., Noel, R. J., Shah, A. B., Rivera‐Amill, V., & Kumar, A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-136 · Cited by 38
Involvement of Nitric Oxide in the Mitochondrial Action of Efavirenz: A Differential Effect on Neurons and Glial Cells
Apostolova, N., Funes, H. A., Blas‐García, A., Alegre, F., Polo, M., & Esplugues, J. V. (2014) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu825 · Cited by 37
Cognitive reserve and neuropsychological functioning in older HIV-infected people
Milanini, B., Ciccarelli, N., Fabbiani, M., Limiti, S., Grima, P., Rossetti, B., Visconti, E., Tamburrini, E., Cauda, R., & Giambenedetto, S. D. (2016) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-016-0426-7 · Cited by 40
MicroRNA 155 and viral-induced neuroinflammation
Dickey, L. L., Hanley, T. M., Huffaker, T. B., Ramstead, A. G., O’Connell, R. M., & Lane, T. E. (2017) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.01.016 · Cited by 38
“HIV Is Not Going to Kill Me, Old Age Is!”: The Intersection of Aging and HIV for Older HIV-Infected Adults in Rural Communities
Quinn, K. G., Sanders, C., & Petroll, A. E. (2017) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2017.29.1.62 · Cited by 39
Understanding mechanisms to promote successful aging in persons living with HIV
Escota, G. V., O’Halloran, J. A., Powderly, W. G., & Presti, R. M. (2017) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.11.010 · Cited by 38
Neuropsychological Assessment of 412 HIV-Infected Individuals in São Paulo, Brazil
Gascón, M. R. P., Vidal, J. E., Mazzaro, Y. M., Smid, J., Marcusso, R. M. N., Capitão, C. G., de Macedo, E. C., Benute, G. R. G., de Lúcia, M. C. S., & de Oliveira, A. C. P. (2018) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2017.0202 · Cited by 37
Revisiting Successful Aging With HIV Through a Revised Biopsychosocial Model
Vance, D. E., Blake, B. J., Brennan‐Ing, M., DeMarco, R. F., Fazeli, P. L., & Relf, M. V. (2019) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1097/jnc.0000000000000029 · Cited by 37
Plasma (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan and suPAR levels correlate with neurocognitive performance in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a CHARTER analysis
Gianella, S., Letendre, S. L., Iudicello, J. E., Franklin, D. R., Gaufin, T., Zhang, Y., Porrachia, M., Vargas, M. V., Ellis, R. J., Finkelman, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00775-6 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
White matter loss and oligodendrocyte dysfunction in HIV: A consequence of the infection, the antiretroviral therapy or both?
Jensen, B. K., Roth, L. M., Grinspan, J. B., & Jordan‐Sciutto, K. L. (2019) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2019.146397 · Cited by 40
Supporting strategic processes can improve time-based prospective memory in the laboratory among older adults with HIV disease.
Woods, S. P., Morgan, E. E., Loft, S. D., Matchanova, A., Verduzco, M., & Cushman, C. (2019) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000602 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
CXCL12-induced rescue of cortical dendritic spines and cognitive flexibility
Festa, L. K., Irollo, E., Platt, B. J., Tian, Y., Floresco, S., & Meucci, O. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.49717 · Cited by 41
Epigenetic Suppression of HIV in Myeloid Cells by the BRD4-Selective Small Molecule Modulator ZL0580
Alamer, E., Zhong, C., Liu, Z., Niu, Q., Long, F., Guo, L., Gelman, B. B., Soong, L., Zhou, J., & Hu, H. (2020) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.01880-19 · Cited by 38
Self-citation
Research priorities for rehabilitation and aging with HIV: a framework from the Canada-International HIV and Rehabilitation Research Collaborative (CIHRRC)
O’Brien, K. K., Ibáñez-Carrasco, F., Solomon, P. E., Harding, R., Brown, D. A., Ahluwalia, P., Carusone, S. C., Baxter, L. N., Emlet, C. A., Restall, G. J., et al. (2020) · AIDS Research and Therapy · doi:10.1186/s12981-020-00280-5 · Cited by 37
Potential pharmacological approaches for the treatment of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders
Omeragic, A., Kayode, O., Hoque, M. T., & Bendayan, R. (2020) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-020-00204-5 · Cited by 38
Impact of HIV‐infection on human somatosensory processing, spontaneous cortical activity, and cortical thickness: A multimodal neuroimaging approach
Casagrande, C. C., Lew, B. J., Taylor, B. K., Schantell, M. D., O’Neill, J., May, P. E., Swindells, S., & Wilson, T. W. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25408 · Cited by 37
International HIV Dementia Scale for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Roşca, E. C., Tadger, P., Cornea, A., Tudor, R., Oancea, C. I., & Simu, M. A. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11061124 · Cited by 39
Cathepsin B and cystatin B in HIV-seropositive women are associated with infection and HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders
Cantres-Rosario, Y. M., Plaud, M., Gerena, Y., Skolasky, R. L., Wojna, V., & Meléndez, L. M. (2013) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0b013e32835b3e47 · Cited by 37
The meningeal lymphatic system: a route for HIV brain migration?
Lamers, S. L., Rose, R., Ndhlovu, L. C., Nolan, D. J., Salemi, M., Maidji, E., Stoddart, C. A., & McGrath, M. S. (2015) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-015-0399-y · Cited by 37
Solving the Blood-Brain Barrier Challenge for the Effective Treatment of HIV Replication in the Central Nervous System
Bertrand, L., Nair, M., & Toborek, M. J. (2016) · Current Pharmaceutical Design · doi:10.2174/1381612822666160726113001 · Cited by 37
OAS Gene Family Expression Is Associated with HIV-Related Neurocognitive Disorders
Sanfilippo, C., Pinzone, M. R., Cambria, D., Longo, A., Palumbo, M., Marco, R. D., Condorelli, F., Nunnari, G., Malaguarnera, L., & Rosa, M. D. (2017) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-017-0460-3 · Cited by 37
Antiretroviral Neuropenetration Scores Better Correlate with Cognitive Performance of HIV-Infected Patients after Accounting for drug Susceptibility
Fabbiani, M., Grima, P., Milanini, B., Mondi, A., Baldonero, E., Ciccarelli, N., Cauda, R., Silveri, M. C., Luca, A. D., & Giambenedetto, S. D. (2014) · Antiviral Therapy · doi:10.3851/imp2926 · Cited by 36
Dopamine receptor D3 genetic polymorphism (rs6280TC) is associated with rates of cognitive impairment in methamphetamine-dependent men with HIV: preliminary findings
Gupta, S. K., Bousman, C., Chana, G., Cherner, M., Heaton, R. K., Deutsch, R., Ellis, R. J., Grant, I., & Everall, I. (2011) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-011-0028-3 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index and Neurocognitive Change: A Longitudinal Study
Marquine, M. J., Montoya, J. L., Umlauf, A., Fazeli, P. L., Gouaux, B. D., Heaton, R. K., Ellis, R. J., Letendre, S. L., Grant, I., & Moore, D. J. (2016) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciw328 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Adaptive working memory training improved brain function in human immunodeficiency virus–seropositive patients
Chang, L., Løhaugen, G. C. C., Andres, T., Jiang, C. S., Douet, V., Tanizaki, N., Walker, C., Castillo, D., Lim, A. J., Skranes, J. S., et al. (2016) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.24805 · Cited by 36
BK channels regulate extracellular Tat-mediated HIV-1 LTR transactivation
Khan, N., Lakpa, K. L., Halcrow, P. W., Afghah, Z., Miller, N., Geiger, J. D., & Chen, X. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48777-y · Cited by 36
Lentiviral Infections Persist in Brain despite Effective Antiretroviral Therapy and Neuroimmune Activation
Mohammadzadeh, N., Roda, W. C., Branton, W. G., Clain, J. A., Rabezanahary, H., Zghidi‐Abouzid, O., Gelman, B. B., Angel, J. B., Cohen, É. A., Gill, M. J., et al. (2021) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02784-21 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Use of Western Neuropsychological Test Battery in Detecting HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) in Zambia
Kabuba, N., Menon, J. A., Franklin, D. R., Heaton, R. K., & Hestad, K. A. (2016) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-016-1443-5 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Latent toxoplasmosis is associated with neurocognitive impairment in young adults with and without chronic HIV infection
Ene, L., Marcotte, T. D., Umlauf, A., Grancea, C., Temereanca, A., Bharti, A., Achim, C. L., Letendre, S. L., & Ruță, S. M. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.08.003 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Motor function declines over time in human immunodeficiency virus and is associated with cerebrovascular disease, while HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder remains stable
Elicer, I., Byrd, D., Clark, U. S., Morgello, S., & Robinson‐Papp, J. (2018) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-018-0640-6 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Metabolic Syndrome and Neurocognitive Deficits in HIV Infection
Yu, B., Pasipanodya, E. C., Montoya, J. L., Moore, R. C., Gianella, S., McCutchan, A., Ellis, R. R., Heaton, R. K., Jeste, D. V., Moore, D. J., et al. (2019) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000001964 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Effect of Aging and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection on Cognitive Abilities
Ciccarelli, N., Fabbiani, M., Baldonero, E., Fanti, I., Cauda, R., Giambenedetto, S. D., & Silveri, M. C. (2012) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.04213.x · Cited by 35
The Synergistic Effects of HIV, Diabetes, and Aging on Cognition
Vance, D. E., Fazeli, P. L., Dodson, J. E., Ackerman, M. L., Talley, M. H., & Appel, S. J. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/jnn.0000000000000074 · Cited by 36
Toxicity and in vitro activity of HIV-1 latency-reversing agents in primary CNS cells
Gray, L. R., On, H., Roberts, E., Lu, H. K., Moso, M. A., Raison, J. A., Papaioannou, C., Cheng, W., Ellett, A. M., Jacobson, J. C., et al. (2016) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-015-0413-4 · Cited by 35
Novel insights into role of miR‐320a‐VDAC1 axis in astrocyte‐mediated neuronal damage in neuroAIDS
Fatima, M., Prajapati, B., Saleem, K., Kumari, R., Singal, C. M. S., & Seth, P. (2017) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.23089 · Cited by 34
Cerebrospinal fluid cell-free mitochondrial DNA is associated with HIV replication, iron transport, and mild HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment
Mehta, S. R., Pérez‐Santiago, J., Hulgan, T., Day, T. R. C., Barnholtz‐Sloan, J. S., Gittleman, H. R., Letendre, S. L., Ellis, R. J., Heaton, R. K., Patton, S. M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-017-0848-z · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Effects of HIV-1 Tat and Methamphetamine on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and FunctionIn Vitro
Patel, S., Leibrand, C. R., Palasuberniam, P., Couraud, P., Weksler, B. B., Jahr, F. M., McClay, J. L., Hauser, K. F., & McRae, M. (2017) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.01307-17 · Cited by 35
Cerebrospinal Fluid Ceruloplasmin, Haptoglobin, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Are Associated with Neurocognitive Impairment in Adults with HIV Infection
the CHARTER Study Group, Kallianpur, A. R., Gittleman, H. R., Letendre, S. L., Ellis, R. J., Barnholtz‐Sloan, J. S., Bush, W. S., Heaton, R. K., Samuels, D. C., Franklin, D. R., et al. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1329-9 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Elevated cerebrospinal fluid Galectin-9 is associated with central nervous system immune activation and poor cognitive performance in older HIV-infected individuals
Premeaux, T. A., D’Antoni, M. L., Abdel‐Mohsen, M., Pillai, S. K., Kallianpur, K. J., Nakamoto, B. K., Agsalda‐Garcia, M., Shiramizu, B. T., Shikuma, C. M., Gisslén, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-018-0696-3 · Cited by 35
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Is Not Independently Associated With Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living With HIV
Zhang, F., Yang, J., Ji, Y., Sun, M., Shen, J., Sun, J., Wang, J., Liu, L., Shen, Y., Zhang, R., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.03352 · Cited by 35
Successful Functional Aging in Middle-Aged and Older Adults with HIV
Fazeli, P. L., Woods, S. P., & Vance, D. E. (2019) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-019-02635-0 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Increased Prevalence of Neurocognitive Impairment in Aging People Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: The ANRS EP58 HAND 55–70 Study
Makinson, A., Dubois, J., Eymard‐Duvernay, S., Leclercq, P., Zaegel‐Faucher, O., Bernard, L., Vassallo, M., Barbuat, C., Gény, C., Thouvenot, É., et al. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz670 · Cited by 35
HIV, Vascular Risk Factors, and Cognition in the Combination Antiretroviral Therapy Era: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
McIntosh, E. C., Tureson, K., Rotblatt, L. J., Singer, E. J., & Thames, A. D. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617720001022 · Cited by 35
Relationship of Medication Management Test-Revised (MMT-R) Performance to Neuropsychological Functioning and Antiretroviral Adherence in Adults with HIV
Patton, D. E., Woods, S. P., Franklin, D., Cattie, J. E., Heaton, R. K., Collier, A. C., Marra, C. M., Clifford, D. B., Gelman, B. B., McArthur, J. C., et al. (2012) · AIDS and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10461-012-0237-7 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Poor Aerobic Fitness May Contribute to Cognitive Decline in HIV-infected Older Adults
Mapstone, M. E. (2013) · Aging and Disease · doi:10.14336/ad.2013.0400311 · Cited by 38
Relevance of lipopolysaccharide levels in HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment: the Neuradapt study
Vassallo, M., Dunais, B., Durant, J., Carsenti-Dellamonica, H., Harvey-Langton, A., Cottalorda, J., Ticchioni, M., Laffon, M., Lebrun‐Frénay, C., Dellamonica, P., et al. (2013) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-013-0181-y · Cited by 36
Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition rescues axonal transport impairments and prevents the neurotoxicity of HIV-1 envelope protein gp120
Wenzel, E. D., Speidell, A. P., Flowers, S. A., Wu, C., Avdoshina, V., & Mocchetti, I. (2019) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-019-1920-7 · Cited by 35
Predictions of geriatric HIV in 2030
Vance, D. E., & Cody, S. L. (2015) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00063-8 · Cited by 35
Assessment and Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Dementia
Cornea, A., Lata, I., Simu, M. A., & Roşca, E. C. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15020378 · Cited by 34
Antiretroviral therapy reduces neurodegeneration in HIV infection
Bryant, A. K., Ellis, R. J., Umlauf, A., Gouaux, B. D., Soontornniyomkij, V., Letendre, S. L., Achim, C. L., Masliah, E., Grant, I., & Moore, D. J. (2014) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000553 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Prepulse Inhibition in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
Minassian, A., Henry, B. L., Woods, S. P., Vaida, F., Grant, I., Geyer, M. A., & Perry, W. (2013) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617713000301 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
HIV-1 Nef expression in microglia disrupts dopaminergic and immune functions with associated mania-like behaviors
Acharjee, S., Branton, W. G., Vivithanaporn, P., Maingat, F. G., Paul, A. M., Dickie, P., Baker, G. B., & Power, C. (2014) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2014.02.016 · Cited by 34
Gene Expression in HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders
Siangphoe, U., & Archer, K. J. (2015) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000800 · Cited by 34
Screening for neurocognitive impairment in HIV-positive adults aged 50 years and older: Montreal Cognitive Assessment relates to self-reported and clinician-rated everyday functioning
Fazeli, P. L., Casaletto, K. B., Paolillo, E. W., Moore, R. C., Moore, D. J., & the HNRP Group (2017) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2016.1273319 · Cited by 34
Brain and liver pathology, amyloid deposition, and interferon responses among older HIV-positive patients in the late HAART era
Solomon, I. H., Girolami, U. D., Chettimada, S., Misra, V., Singer, E. J., & Gabuzda, D. H. (2017) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-017-2246-7 · Cited by 34
The association between physical activity and cognition in men with and without HIV infection
Monroe, A. K., Zhang, L., Jacobson, L. P., Plankey, M. W., Brown, T. T., Miller, E. N., Martin, E. M., Becker, J. T., Levine, A. M., Ragin, A. B., et al. (2017) · HIV Medicine · doi:10.1111/hiv.12490 · Cited by 36
The effects of aging and HIV disease on employment status and functioning.
Kordovski, V. M., Woods, S. P., Verduzco, M., & Beltran, J. (2017) · Rehabilitation Psychology · doi:10.1037/rep0000175 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Plasma CXCL10 correlates with HAND in HIV-infected women
Burlacu, R., Umlauf, A., Marcotte, T. D., Soontornniyomkij, B., Diaconu, C. C., Bulacu-Talnariu, A., Temereanca, A., Ruță, S. M., Letendre, S. L., Ene, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00785-4 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Plasma inflammatory biomarkers link to diffusion tensor imaging metrics in virally suppressed HIV-infected individuals
Chang, K., Premeaux, T. A., Cobigo, Y., Milanini, B., Hellmuth, J. M., Rubin, L. H., Javandel, S., Allen, I. E., Ndhlovu, L. C., Paul, R. H., et al. (2019) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000002404 · Cited by 34
Operationalizing and evaluating the Frascati criteria for functional decline in diagnosing HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in adults
Matchanova, A., Woods, S. P., & Kordovski, V. M. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00809-z · Cited by 34
Self-citation
An Elvitegravir Nanoformulation Crosses the Blood–Brain Barrier and Suppresses HIV-1 Replication in Microglia
Gong, Y., Zhi, K., Nagesh, P. K. B., Sinha, N., Chowdhury, P., Chen, H., Gorantla, S., Yallapu, M. M., & Kumar, S. (2020) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v12050564 · Cited by 34
Cognitive and Neuronal Link With Inflammation: A Longitudinal Study in People With and Without HIV Infection
Anderson, A. M. L., Jang, J. H., Easley, K. A., Fuchs, D., Gisslén, M., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., Ellis, R. J., Franklin, D., Heaton, R. K., et al. (2020) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000002484 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Biomarkers of Activation and Inflammation to Track Disparity in Chronological and Physiological Age of People Living With HIV on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy
Thurman, M., Johnson, S. D., Acharya, A., Pallikkuth, S., Mahesh, M., & Byrareddy, S. N. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.583934 · Cited by 35
Aging with HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean: a Systematic Review
Cabrera, D. M., Diaz, M. M., Grimshaw, A. A., Salvatierra, J., Garcia, P. J., & Hsieh, E. (2021) · Current HIV/AIDS Reports · doi:10.1007/s11904-020-00538-7 · Cited by 34
Sex Differences in Non-AIDS Comorbidities Among People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Pond, R. A., Collins, L. F., & Lahiri, C. D. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab558 · Cited by 35
Mutations at Tyrosine 88, Lysine 92 and Tyrosine 470 of Human Dopamine Transporter Result in an Attenuation of HIV-1 Tat-Induced Inhibition of Dopamine Transport
Midde, N. M., Yuan, Y., Quizon, P. M., Sun, W., Huang, X., Zhan, C., & Zhu, J. (2015) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-015-9583-3 · Cited by 34

Authors: Heaton, R. K., Clifford, D. B., Franklin, D. R., Woods, S. P., Ake, C., Vaida, F., Ellis, R. J., Letendre, S. L., Marcotte, T. D., Atkinson, J. H., Rivera-Mindt, M., Vigil, O. R., Taylor, M. J., Collier, A. C., Marra, C. M., Gelman, B. B., McArthur, J. C., Morgello, S., Simpson, D. M., McCutchan, J. A., Abramson, I., Gamst, A., Fennema-Notestine, C., Jernigan, T. L., Wong, J., Grant, I., & For the CHARTER Group
Affiliations: University of California San Diego (US)
From the University of California (R.K.H., D.R.F., S.P.W., C.A., F.V., R.J.E., S.L.L., T.D.M., J.H.A., O.R.V., M.J.T., J.A.M., I.A., A.G., C.F.-N., T.L.J., I.G.), San Diego; University of California (J.W.), San Francisco; Washington University (D.B.C.), St. Louis, MO; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (M.R.-M., S.M., D.M.S.), New York, NY; University of Washington (A.C.C., C.M.M.), Seattle; University of Texas Medical Branch (B.B.G.), Galveston; and Johns Hopkins University (J.C.M.), Baltimore, MD.
ORCID: Heaton, R.K.
Clifford, D.B.
Franklin, D.R.
Woods, S.P.
Vaida, F.
Ellis, R.J.
Letendre, S.L.
Marcotte, T.D.
Taylor, M.J.
Collier, A.C.
Marra, C.M.
McArthur, J.C.
Morgello, S.
Simpson, D.M.
McCutchan, J.A.
Jernigan, T.L.
Venue: Neurology
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2010-12-07
Volume: 75
Issue: 23
Pages: 2087-2096
ISSN: 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
1526-632X
DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318200d727
PMC: PMC2995535
OpenAlex: W2137321682
Cited by: 2,353
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 92 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 172 · 2019: 225 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 202 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 172 · 2014: 165 · 2013: 152 · 2012: 115
FWCI: 38.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Neurology (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (5u01ai069495-05, n01mh22005-16-0-1, 5r01ag024506-03, 5r01ns036524-10, N01 MH22005, MH22005)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U2G PS00623)
U.S. Public Health Service (R213857-53187, NIMH-22005)
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01 AA13419, R01AA013419, R32AA17321)
National Institute on Aging (R01AG015301, U01‐AG10483, R01AG031224, R01-AG024506, R01 AG-15301, U01AG010483, R01AG022381, U19AG010483)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL084229, R01 HL95089, R01 HL84229, R01HL095089)
National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH083507, U01-MH83506, R21-MH85610, R01MH067831, U01MH083506, R01-MH73419, N01 MH-22005, R01 MH73433, R01MH079881, N01 MH22005-08, R01 MH-60720, R01 MH78748, R01MH058076, R21MH78728, MH 22005, N01MH022005, R01MH064907, K23MH079718, R01MH081861, MH058076, R01MH085608, R01 MH78737, R01MH64907, R01MH083552, R01MH073419, R24-MH-59724, U13 MH81676, R32 MH77487, R01MH079886, R24MH059724, R21MH078728, U01MH083501, R01MH38552, R01MH078737, R21MH085610, R01 MH81861, R01 MH83552, R01 MH79752, R01MH078748, R01MH073433, R01MH079752, R01MH060720, P30MH62512, R01MH061146, MH085608-01, MH083506-02, R01 MH61146, R01 MH79881, R01 MH075673, R21MH083573, R01MH084796, MH083552-02, P30MH062512, U13MH081676, R01 MH58076)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA026306, R01 DA21115, RC2DA029475, DA026306-01, P01DA012065, P50DA26306, RC2-DA29475, P01-DA12065, DA012065-10, DA026146, P01DA026146, R03DA022137, R01DA021115)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 27757, R01-AI47033, AI-069434, AI069918, UO1AI69495, U01 AI74521, U01AI074521, R01AI034235, U01AI069432, R01AI047033, 00-AI-0005, U01 AI69432, R01AI087145, P01AI057005, AI069438, AI068543, 1R01 NS/AI34235, P30AI027757, U01AI069918)
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS44807, R21NS069355, R01NS049465, UO1 NS32228, R01NS044807, R01NS49465, RC1NS068904, R01-NS-41198, R01NS041198, R01-NS36524, R01NS051132, U01NS032228)
National Center for Research Resources (U24RR021992, U24RR021382, K30RR22681, K30RR022681, U24 RR21382, U24RR019701)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
Keywords: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, HIV-associated dementia, highly active antiretroviral therapy, CD4 nadir, viral suppression, comorbidities, asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder, HIV infection
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Algorithms, Cognition Disorders, Disability Evaluation, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurologic Examination, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Retrospective Studies, Models, Statistical, HIV Infections, Cross-Over Studies, Observation, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks