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HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER Study
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OBJECTIVES: This is a cross-sectional, observational study to determine the frequency and associated features of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in a large, diverse sample of infected individuals in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART). METHODS: A total of 1,555 HIV-infected adults were recruited from 6 university clinics across the United States, with minimal exclusions. We used standardized neuromedical, psychiatric, and neuropsychological (NP) examinations, and recently published criteria for diagnosing HAND and classifying 3 levels of comorbidity (minimal to severe non-HIV risks for NP impairment). RESULTS: Fifty-two percent of the total sample had NP impairment, with higher rates in groups with greater comorbidity burden (40%, 59%, and 83%). Prevalence estimates for specific HAND diagnoses (excluding severely confounded cases) were 33% for asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, 12% for mild neurocognitive disorder, and only 2% for HIV-associated dementia (HAD). Among participants with minimal comorbidities (n = 843), history of low nadir CD4 was a strong predictor of impairment, and the lowest impairment rate on CART occurred in the subset with suppressed plasma viral loads and nadir CD4 ≥200 cells/mm(3) (30% vs 47% in remaining subgroups). CONCLUSIONS: The most severe HAND diagnosis (HAD) was rare, but milder forms of impairment remained common, even among those receiving CART who had minimal comorbidities. Future studies should clarify whether early disease events (e.g., profound CD4 decline) may trigger chronic CNS changes, and whether early CART prevents or reverses these changes.
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“Physical activity may be an important measure for reducing HAND.[8]”
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“Modern treatment regimens result in HIV suppression and immune recovery; however, the prevalence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and neurodegeneration (Budka et al., 1987; Wiley and Achim, 1994; Gendelman et al., 1997; Cherner et al., 2007; Heaton et al., 2010) has remained the same or increased (Jos…”
BackgroundEllis, R. J., Letendre, S. L., Vaida, F., Haubrich, R., Heaton, R. K., Sacktor, N. C., Clifford, D. B., Best, B. M., May, S. J., Umlauf, A., et al. (2013) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/cit921 · Cited by 133
Self-citationNeurocognitive Impact of Substance Use in HIV Infection
Byrd, D., Fellows, R. P., Morgello, S., Franklin, D. R., Heaton, R. K., Deutsch, R., Atkinson, J. H., Clifford, D. B., Collier, A. C., Marra, C. M., et al. (2011) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e318229ba41 · Cited by 132
Self-citationLong-term efavirenz use is associated with worse neurocognitive functioning in HIV-infected patients
for the CHARTER Group, Ma, Q., Vaida, F., Wong, J., Sanders, C., Kao, Y.-T., Croteau, D. J., Clifford, D. B., Collier, A. C., Gelman, B. B., et al. (2015) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-015-0382-7 · Cited by 131
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Self-citationAntiretroviral penetration into the CNS and incidence of AIDS-defining neurologic conditions
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Self-citationStructural brain alterations can be detected early in HIV infection
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Metadata
- Authors
- Heaton, R. K., Clifford, D. B., Franklin, D. R., Woods, S. P., Ake, C., Vaida, F., Ellis, R. J., Letendre, S. L., Marcotte, T. D., Atkinson, J. H., Rivera-Mindt, M., Vigil, O. R., Taylor, M. J., Collier, A. C., Marra, C. M., Gelman, B. B., McArthur, J. C., Morgello, S., Simpson, D. M., McCutchan, J. A., Abramson, I., Gamst, A., Fennema-Notestine, C., Jernigan, T. L., Wong, J., Grant, I., & For the CHARTER Group
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- From the University of California (R.K.H., D.R.F., S.P.W., C.A., F.V., R.J.E., S.L.L., T.D.M., J.H.A., O.R.V., M.J.T., J.A.M., I.A., A.G., C.F.-N., T.L.J., I.G.), San Diego; University of California (J.W.), San Francisco; Washington University (D.B.C.), St. Louis, MO; Mount Sinai School of Medicine (M.R.-M., S.M., D.M.S.), New York, NY; University of Washington (A.C.C., C.M.M.), Seattle; University of Texas Medical Branch (B.B.G.), Galveston; and Johns Hopkins University (J.C.M.), Baltimore, MD.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 2010-12-07
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 2087-2096
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- PMC
- PMC2995535
- OpenAlex
- W2137321682
- Cited by
- 2,353
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 92 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 131 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 182 · 2020: 172 · 2019: 225 · 2018: 153 · 2017: 202 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 172 · 2014: 165 · 2013: 152 · 2012: 115
- FWCI
- 38.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Fordham Research Commons (Fordham University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5u01ai069495-05, n01mh22005-16-0-1, 5r01ag024506-03, 5r01ns036524-10, N01 MH22005, MH22005)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U2G PS00623)
- U.S. Public Health Service (R213857-53187, NIMH-22005)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01 AA13419, R01AA013419, R32AA17321)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG015301, U01‐AG10483, R01AG031224, R01-AG024506, R01 AG-15301, U01AG010483, R01AG022381, U19AG010483)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL084229, R01 HL95089, R01 HL84229, R01HL095089)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH083507, U01-MH83506, R21-MH85610, R01MH067831, U01MH083506, R01-MH73419, N01 MH-22005, R01 MH73433, R01MH079881, N01 MH22005-08, R01 MH-60720, R01 MH78748, R01MH058076, R21MH78728, MH 22005, N01MH022005, R01MH064907, K23MH079718, R01MH081861, MH058076, R01MH085608, R01 MH78737, R01MH64907, R01MH083552, R01MH073419, R24-MH-59724, U13 MH81676, R32 MH77487, R01MH079886, R24MH059724, R21MH078728, U01MH083501, R01MH38552, R01MH078737, R21MH085610, R01 MH81861, R01 MH83552, R01 MH79752, R01MH078748, R01MH073433, R01MH079752, R01MH060720, P30MH62512, R01MH061146, MH085608-01, MH083506-02, R01 MH61146, R01 MH79881, R01 MH075673, R21MH083573, R01MH084796, MH083552-02, P30MH062512, U13MH081676, R01 MH58076)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P50DA026306, R01 DA21115, RC2DA029475, DA026306-01, P01DA012065, P50DA26306, RC2-DA29475, P01-DA12065, DA012065-10, DA026146, P01DA026146, R03DA022137, R01DA021115)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI 27757, R01-AI47033, AI-069434, AI069918, UO1AI69495, U01 AI74521, U01AI074521, R01AI034235, U01AI069432, R01AI047033, 00-AI-0005, U01 AI69432, R01AI087145, P01AI057005, AI069438, AI068543, 1R01 NS/AI34235, P30AI027757, U01AI069918)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS44807, R21NS069355, R01NS049465, UO1 NS32228, R01NS044807, R01NS49465, RC1NS068904, R01-NS-41198, R01NS041198, R01-NS36524, R01NS051132, U01NS032228)
- National Center for Research Resources (U24RR021992, U24RR021382, K30RR22681, K30RR022681, U24 RR21382, U24RR019701)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, HIV-associated dementia, highly active antiretroviral therapy, CD4 nadir, viral suppression, comorbidities, asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder, HIV infection
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Algorithms, Cognition Disorders, Disability Evaluation, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neurologic Examination, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Retrospective Studies, Models, Statistical, HIV Infections, Cross-Over Studies, Observation, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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