Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,017

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Assessing psychopathology in dementia patients

Cummings, Jeffrey L.·1997·Neurology
DOI 10.1212/wnl.48.5_suppl_6.10s
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) was developed to assess psychopathology in dementia patients. It evaluates 12 neuropsychiatric disturbances common in dementia: delusions, hallucinations, agitation, dysphoria, anxiety, apathy, irritability, euphoria, disinhibition, aberrant motor behavior, night-time behavior disturbances, and appetite and eating abnormalities. The severity and frequency of each neuropsychiatric symptom are rated on the basis of scripted questions administered to the patient's caregiver. The NPI also assesses the amount of caregiver distress engendered by each of the neuropsychiatric disorders. A total NPI score and a total caregiver distress score are calculated, in addition to the scores for the individual symptom domains. Content validity, concurrent validity, inter-rater reliability, and test-retest reliability of the NPI are established. Different neurologic disorders have characteristic neuropsychiatric manifestations and distinctive NPI profiles. The NPI is sensitive to treatment effects and has demonstrated the amelioration of behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease by cholinergic agents. The NPI is a useful instrument for characterizing the psychopathology of dementia syndromes, investigating the neurobiology of brain disorders with neuropsychiatric manifestations, distinguishing among different dementia syndromes, and assessing the efficacy of treatment.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1212/wnl.48.5_suppl_6.10s

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 7 references

Research works printed but not linked: 55

  1. Cummings JL, Victoroff JI. Noncognitive neuropsychiatric syndromes in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1990;3:140-158.
  2. Wragg RE, Jeste DV. Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatry 1989;146:577-587.
  3. 10.1176/ajp.148.1.1 · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.1.1
  4. Coyne AC, Reichman WE, Berbig LJ. The relationship between dementia and elder abuse. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:643-646.
  5. Ryden MB. Aggressive behavior in persons with dementia who live in the community. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1988;2:342-355.
  6. 10.1176/ajp.143.1.1 · DOI
  7. Martinson IM, Muwaswes M, Gilliss CL, et al. The frequency and troublesomeness of symptoms associated with Alzheimer's disease. J Community Health Nurs 1995;12:47-57.
  8. O'Donnell BF, Drachman DA, Barnes HJ, et al. Incontinence and troublesome behaviors predict institutionalization in dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992;5:45-52.
  9. 10.1176/ajp.147.1.1 · DOI
  10. Aronson MK, Post DC, Guastadisegni P. Dementia, agitation, and care in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:507-512.
  11. Malone ML, Thompson L, Godwin JS. Aggressive behaviors among the institutionalized elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1993;41:853-856.
  12. Rovner BW, Steele CD, German P, et al. Psychiatric diagnosis and uncooperative behavior in nursing homes. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1992;5:102-105.
  13. Rabins PV, Mace NL, Lucas MJ. The impact of dementia on the family. JAMA 1982;248:333-335.
  14. Hadjistavropoulos T, Taylor S, Tuokko H, Beattie BL. Neuropsychological deficits, caregivers' perception of deficits, and caregiver burden. J Am Geriatr Soc 1994;42:308-314.
  15. 10.1212/WNL.46.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Cummings JL, Ross W, Absher J, Gornbein J, Hadjiaghai L. Depressive symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: assessment and determinants. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1995;9:87-93.
  17. Petry S, Cummings JL, Hill MA, et al. Personality alterations in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch Neurol 1988;45:1187-1190.
  18. 10.1177/089198878900200101 · doi:10.1177/089198878900200101
  19. 10.1176/ajp.146.1.1 · DOI
  20. 10.1093/ageing/11.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
  21. Levy ML, Miller BL, Cummings JL, Fairbanks LA, Craig A. Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal dementias: behavioral distinctions. Arch Neurol 1996;53:687-690.
  22. Lund and Manchester Groups. Clinical and neuropathological criteria for frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57:416-418.
  23. 10.1212/WNL.41.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Reisberg B Borenstein J Salob SP et al. Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: phenomenology and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1987;48(suppl 5):9-15. · DOI
  25. 10.1176/jnp.6.1.1 · DOI · Paper page
  26. Hamilton M. Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychol 1967;6:278-296.
  27. 10.1016/0022-3956(75)90017-5 · DOI
  28. Craig AH, Cummings JL, Fairbanks L, et al. Cerebral blood flow correlates of apathy in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1996;53:1116-1120.
  29. Kinney JM, Stephens MAP. Caregiving hassles scale: assessing daily hassles of caring for a family member with dementia. Gerontologist 1989;29:329-332.
  30. Pruchno RA, Resch NL. Aberrant behaviors and Alzheimer's disease: mental health effects on spouse caregivers. J Gerontol [B] Psychol Sci Soc Sci 1989;44:S177-S182.
  31. 10.1093/geront/29.Special_Issue.1 · doi:10.1093/geront/29.special_issue.1
  32. Cummings JL, Diaz C, Levy M, et al. Behavioral syndromes in neurodegenerative diseases: frequency and significance. Semin Neuropsychiatry 1996;1:241-247.
  33. 10.1177/089198879600900101 · DOI · Paper page
  34. Chui HC, Lyness SA, Sobel E, et al. Extrapyramidal signs and psychiatric symptoms predict faster cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 1994;51:676-681.
  35. Stern Y, Brandt J, Jacobs DM, et al. Utility of extrapyramidal signs and psychosis as predictors of cognitive and functional decline, nursing home admission, and death in Alzheimer's disease: prospective analyses from the Predictors Study. Neurology 1994;44:2300-2307.
  36. Grady CL, Haxby JV, Schapiro MB, et al. Subgroups in dementia of the Alzheimer type identified using positron emission tomography. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1990;2:373-384.
  37. 10.1176/ajp.152.1.1 · DOI
  38. 10.1016/0006-3223(94)00236-V · DOI
  39. Ponton MO, Darcourt J, Miller BL, et al. Psychometric and SPECT studies in Alzheimer's disease with and without delusions. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1995;8:264-270.
  40. Starkstein SE, Vazquez S, Petracca G, et al. A SPECT study of delusions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 1994;44:2055-2059.
  41. Sultzer DL, Mahler ME, Mandelkern MA, et al. Psychiatric symptoms are associated with regional cortical metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1995;7:476-484.
  42. Lopez OL, Becker JT, Brenner RP, et al. Alzheimer's disease with delusions and hallucinations: neuropsychological and electroencephalographic correlates. Neurology 1991;41:906-912.
  43. Bylsma FW, Folstein MF, Devanand DP, et al. Delusions and patterns of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 1994;7:98-103.
  44. Flynn FG, Cummings JL, Gornbein J. Delusions in dementia syndromes: investigation of behavioral and neuropsychological correlates. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 1991;3:364-370.
  45. 10.1176/ajp.149.1.1 · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.1.1
  46. Lesser IM, Miller BL, Boone KB, et al. Psychosis as the first manifestation of degenerative dementia. Bull Clin Neurosci 1989;54:59-63.
  47. Kirby M Lawlor BA. Biologic markers and neurochemical correlates of agitation and psychosis in dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1995;8(suppl 1):S2-S7. · DOI
  48. Raskind MA Peskind ER. Neurobiologic bases of noncognitive behavioral problems in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1994;8(suppl 3):54-60. · DOI
  49. Zubenko GS. Biological correlates of clinical heterogeneity in primary dementia. Neuropsychopharmacology 1992;6:77-93.
  50. Zubenko GS, Moossy J, Martinez J, et al. Neuropathologic and neurochemical correlates of psychosis in primary dementia. Arch Neurol 1991;48:619-624.
  51. Victoroff J, Zarow C, Mack WJ, et al. Physical aggression is associated with preservation of substantia nigra pars compacta in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 1996;53:428-434.
  52. Zubenko GS. Morphologic and neurochemical correlates of major depression in primary dementia. Bull Clin Neurosci 1989;54:14-22.
  53. Zweig RM, Ross CA, Hedreen JC, et al. The neuropathology of aminergic nuclei in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 1988;24:233-242.
  54. Cummings JL, Kaufer DI. Neuropsychiatric aspects of Alzheimer's disease: the cholinergic hypothesis revisited. Neurology 1996;47:876-883.
  55. Levy ML Cummings JL Fairbanks LA et al. Longitudinal assessment of depression agitation and psychosis in 181 Alzheimer's disease patients. Am J Psychiatry (in press).

Cited by

See all 2,017

Metadata

Authors
Cummings, J. L.
Venue
Neurology
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
1997-05
Volume
48
Issue
5_suppl_6
Pages
S10-6
ISSN
  • 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
  • 1526-632X
DOI
10.1212/wnl.48.5_suppl_6.10s
OpenAlex
W2138883123
Cited by
2,017
References
7
FWCI
6.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1212/wnl.48.5_suppl_6.10s
The paper
Cummings, J. L. (1997). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Assessing psychopathology in dementia patients. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.48.5_suppl_6.10s

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.