Cited by 1,425Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsIntensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia

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Cerejeira, J., Lagarto, L., Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B.·2012·Frontiers in Neurology

Abstract

Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD), also known as neuropsychiatric symptoms, represent a heterogeneous group of non-cognitive symptoms and behaviors occurring in subjects with dementia. BPSD constitute a major component of the dementia syndrome irrespective of its subtype. They are as clinically relevant as cognitive symptoms as they strongly correlate with the degree of functional and cognitive impairment. BPSD include agitation, aberrant motor behavior, anxiety, elation, irritability, depression, apathy, disinhibition, delusions, hallucinations, and sleep or appetite changes. It is estimated that BPSD affect up to 90% of all dementia subjects over the course of their illness, and is independently associated with poor outcomes, including distress among patients and caregivers, long-term hospitalization, misuse of medication, and increased health care costs. Although these symptoms can be present individually it is more common that various psychopathological features co-occur simultaneously in the same patient. Thus, categorization of BPSD in clusters taking into account their natural course, prognosis, and treatment response may be useful in the clinical practice. The pathogenesis of BPSD has not been clearly delineated but it is probably the result of a complex interplay of psychological, social, and biological factors. Recent studies have emphasized the role of neurochemical, neuropathological, and genetic factors underlying the clinical manifestations of BPSD. A high degree of clinical expertise is crucial to appropriately recognize and manage the neuropsychiatric symptoms in a patient with dementia. Combination of non-pharmacological and careful use of pharmacological interventions is the recommended therapeutic for managing BPSD. Given the modest efficacy of current strategies, there is an urgent need to identify novel pharmacological targets and develop new non-pharmacological approaches to improve the adverse outcomes associated with BPSD.

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Crossref · 10.3389/fneur.2012.00073

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  • Abnormalities in neuropsychiatric states were common among the VEEV TC-83 inoculated WT and Tg2576 mice and were exaggerated responses to the normal, indicating anxiety-like behavior, irritability, or dementia, which are associated with the sequelae of alphaviruses and with AD.

    “Abnormalities in neuropsychiatric states were common among the VEEV TC-83 inoculated WT and Tg2576 mice and were exaggerated responses to the normal, indicating anxiety-like behavior, irritability, or dementia, which are associated with the sequelae of alphaviruses (Reisberg et al., 1987) and with AD (Cerejeira et al., 2012).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Aalten P. de Vugt M. E. Jaspers N. Jolles J. Verhey F. R. (2005b). The course of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia. Part II: relationships among behavioural sub-syndromes and the influence of clinical variables. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 20, 531– 536 10.1002/gps.1317 15920706 · DOI
  2. García-Alberca J. M. Lara Muñoz J. P. Berthier Torres M. (2010). Neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptomatology in Alzheimer disease. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 38, 212– 222 21104466
  3. Iwata B. A. Volmer T. R. Zarcone J. R. (1993). “The experimental (functional) analysis of behavioral disorders: methodology, application, and limitations,” in Perspectives on the Use of Nonaversive and Aversive Interventions for Persons with Developmental Disabilities, eds Repp A. C. Singh N. N. (Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Press), 301– 330
  4. Mukaetova-Ladinska E. B. Harrington C. R. Xuereb J. Roth M. Wischik C. M. (1995). Biochemical, neuropathological, and clinical correlations of neurofibrillary degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease,” in Treating Alzheimer’s and Other Dementias, eds Bergener M. Finkel S. I. (New York: Springer), 57– 80

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Authors
Cerejeira, J., Lagarto, L., & Mukaetova-Ladinska, E. B.
Affiliations
Unidade Local de Saúde de Coimbra (PT)
Venue
Frontiers in Neurology
Published
2012
Volume
3
Pages
73-73
ISSN
1664-2295 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2120296399
Cited by
1,425
References
214
Citations by year
2026: 111 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 144 · 2023: 188 · 2022: 129 · 2021: 150 · 2020: 122 · 2019: 92 · 2018: 90 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 13
FWCI
25.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc
Locations
  • Frontiers in Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
Keywords
behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, neuropsychiatric symptoms, dementia, agitation, anxiety, depression, apathy, delusions, hallucinations, sleep disorders, non-pharmacological treatment, pharmacotherapy, pathogenesis, genetic factors, neuropathology, caregiver burden

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