The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Second impact syndrome
Abstract
Diffuse cerebral swelling with delayed catastrophic deterioration, a known complication of brain trauma, has been postulated to occur after repeated concussive brain injury in sports--the "second impact syndrome" (SIS). Certain current concussion management guidelines are contingent upon this assumption. We established criteria for definite, probable, and possible SIS and analyzed all published cases. A total of 17 cases were identified in which the reports described the cases as being consistent with SIS. Of these, only five probable cases of SIS were found based on our diagnostic criteria. We also studied the accuracy of recalled episodes of minor concussion in football players by their teammates because the diagnosis of SIS is usually based on such accounts. We found overreporting of recalled episodes of concussion in teammates when compared with self reports and videotape analysis. Based on case reports, the claim that SIS is a risk factor for diffuse cerebral swelling is not established. Prevention strategies for sports-related cerebral swelling are difficult to implement in the absence of established risk factors.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Second Impact in Catastrophic Contact-Sports Head Trauma
Saunders, R. L. (1984) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1984.03350040068030 · Cited by 382
Cited by
Concussion in Professional Football: Reconstruction of Game Impacts and Injuries
Pellman, E. J., Viano, D. C., Tucker, A. M., Casson, I. R., & Waeckerle, J. F. (2003) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1093/neurosurgery/53.3.799 · Cited by 675
The molecular pathophysiology of concussive brain injury
Barkhoudarian, G., Hovda, D. A., & Giza, C. C. (2011) · Clinics in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.csm.2010.09.001 · Cited by 492
Kors, E. E., Terwindt, G. M., Vermeulen, F. L. M. G., Fitzsimons, R. B., Jardine, P. E., Heywood, P., Love, S., Van Den Maagdenberg, A. M. J. M., Haan, J., Frants, R. R., et al. (2001) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.1031 · Cited by 361
The clinical spectrum of sport-related traumatic brain injury
Jordan, B. D. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2013.33 · Cited by 347
Prolonged Effects of Concussion in High School Athletes
Moser, R. S., Schatz, P., & Jordan, B. D. (2005) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000166663.98616.e4 · Cited by 316
Metadata
- Authors
- McCrory, P. R., & Berkovic, S. F.
- Venue
- Neurology
- Published
- 1998-03
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 677-683
- ISSN
- 0028-3878 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-632X
- OpenAlex
- W2079769820
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 1
- FWCI
- 8.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Second impact syndrome. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1212/wnl.50.3.677
- The paper
- McCrory, P. R., & Berkovic, S. F. (1998). Second impact syndrome. Neurology. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.50.3.677
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
