The DOI matches its Crossref record; 14 of the 14 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bootstrap Methods: Another Look at the Jackknife
Open accessAbstract
We discuss the following problem: given a random sample $\mathbf{X} = (X_1, X_2, \cdots, X_n)$ from an unknown probability distribution $F$, estimate the sampling distribution of some prespecified random variable $R(\mathbf{X}, F)$, on the basis of the observed data $\mathbf{x}$. (Standard jackknife theory gives an approximate mean and variance in the case $R(\mathbf{X}, F) = \theta(\hat{F}) - \theta(F), \theta$ some parameter of interest.) A general method, called the "bootstrap," is introduced, and shown to work satisfactorily on a variety of estimation problems. The jackknife is shown to be a linear approximation method for the bootstrap. The exposition proceeds by a series of examples: variance of the sample median, error rates in a linear discriminant analysis, ratio estimation, estimating regression parameters, etc.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“He also establishes that the infinitesimal jackknife (Efron, 1979) consistently estimates the forest variance.”
From A random forest guided tour (2016) · cites this paper as Efron (1979)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis
Muirhead, R. J., & Anderson, T. W. (1986) · Journal of Business and Economic Statistics · doi:10.2307/1391399 · Cited by 9,179
Introduction to Multivariate Statistical Analysis.
Madow, W. G., & Anderson, T. W. (1959) · American Mathematical Monthly · doi:10.2307/2308777 · Cited by 3,908
Estimation of Error Rates in Discriminant Analysis
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Mickey, M. R. (1968) · Technometrics · doi:10.1080/00401706.1968.10490530 · Cited by 1,560
Miller, R. G. (1974) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/61.1.1 · Cited by 1,391
The Advanced Theory of Statistics.
Wald, A., & Kendall, M. G. (1947) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2280203 · Cited by 351
Bibliography on estimation of misclassification
Toussaint, G. (1974) · IEEE Transactions on Information Theory · doi:10.1109/tit.1974.1055260 · Cited by 307
A Note on Estimating the Variance of the Sample Median
Maritz, J. S., & Jarrett, R. (1978) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1978.10480027 · Cited by 147
Miller, R. G. (1974) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176342811 · Cited by 133
Using Subsample Values as Typical Values
Hartigan, J. A. (1969) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1969.10501057 · Cited by 130
Elements of Nonparametric Statistics.
Yen, E. H., & Noether, G. E. (1968) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2284048 · Cited by 79
Hartigan, J. A. (1975) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176343123 · Cited by 39
Error Analysis by Replaced Samples
Hartigan, J. A. (1971) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B (Statistical Methodology) · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1971.tb00861.x · Cited by 22
On estimating a symmetric distribution
HINKLEY, D. V. (1976) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/63.3.680 · Cited by 15
On the generalized jackknife and its relation to statistical differentials
Gray, H. L., Schucany, W. R., & Watkins, T. A. (1975) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/62.3.637 · Cited by 8
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [2][2] BARNARD, B. (1974). Conditionality, pivotals, and robust estimation. Proceedings of the Conference on Foundational Questions in Statistical Inference. Memoirs No. 1, Dept. of Theoretical Statist., Univ. of Aarhus, Denmark. -
- [3][3] CRAmÉR, H. (1946). Mathematical Methods in Statistics. Princeton Univ. Press. -
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Regression shrinkage and selection via the lasso
Tibshirani, R. (1996) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1996.tb02080.x · Cited by 51,482
UFBoot2: Improving the Ultrafast Bootstrap Approximation
Hoang, D. T., Chernomor, O., von Haeseler, A., Minh, B. Q., & Vinh, L. S. (2018) · Molecular Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/molbev/msx281 · Cited by 10,881
A concordance correlation coefficient to evaluate reproducibility.
Lin, L. I.-K. (1989) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532051 · Cited by 8,785
The use of the area under the ROC curve in the evaluation of machine learning algorithms
Bradley, A. P. (1997) · Pattern Recognition · doi:10.1016/s0031-3203(96)00142-2 · Cited by 7,217
Efron, B., & Tibshirani, R. (1986) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/ss/1177013815 · Cited by 6,033
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Efron, B.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Efron, B.
- Venue
- The Annals of Statistics
- Publisher
- Institute of Mathematical Statistics
- Published
- 1979-01-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-26
- ISSN
- 0090-5364 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-8966
- OpenAlex
- W2117897510
- Cited by
- 17,602
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 865 · 2025: 599 · 2024: 592 · 2023: 654 · 2022: 679 · 2021: 887 · 2020: 890 · 2019: 895 · 2018: 848 · 2017: 720 · 2016: 780 · 2015: 791 · 2014: 838 · 2013: 717 · 2012: 702
- FWCI
- 31.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Annals of Statistics (publishedVersion)
- Project Euclid (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Probability and Statistical Research
- Keywords
- bootstrapping, jackknife, linearization, linear discriminant analysis, ratio estimation, regression coefficient estimation, nonparametric estimation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
