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Walking economy at simulated high altitude in human healthy young male lowlanders

Horiuchi, Masahiro, Handa, Yoko, Abe, Daijiro, Fukuoka, Yoshiyuki·2016·Biology Open
DOI 10.1242/bio.019810PMC PMC5087691
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Abstract

We measured oxygen consumption during walking per unit distance (Cw) values for 12 human healthy young males at six speeds from 0.667 to 1.639 m s−1 (four min per stage) on a level gradient under normobaric normoxia, moderate hypoxia (15% O2), and severe hypoxia (11% O2). Muscle deoxygenation (HHb) was measured at the vastus lateralis muscle using near-infrared spectroscopy. Economical speed which can minimize the Cw in each individual was calculated from a U-shaped relationship. We found a significantly slower economical speed (ES) under severe hypoxia [1.237 (0.056) m s−1; mean (s.d.)] compared to normoxia [1.334 (0.070) m s−1] and moderate hypoxia [1.314 (0.070) m s−1, P<0.05 respectively] with no differences between normoxia and moderate hypoxia (P>0.05). HHb gradually increased with increasing speed under severe hypoxia, while it did not increase under normoxia and moderate hypoxia. Changes in HHb between standing baseline and the final minute at faster gait speeds were significantly related to individual ES (r=0.393 at 1.250 m s−1, r=0.376 at 1.444 m s−1, and r=0.409 at 1.639 m s−1, P<0.05, respectively). These results suggested that acute severe hypoxia slowed ES by ∼8%, but moderate hypoxia left ES unchanged.

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Fig. 1. Changes in cardiorespiratory variables and energy expenditure (EE) at all gait speeds under normoxia (○), moderate hypoxia (△), and severe hypoxia (●). Values are mean±s.d. *P<0.05 between normoxia and severe hypoxia, †P<0.05 between moderate and severe hypoxia within a same speed, respectively (Tukey post hoc test was used). V̇O2, oxygen uptake; V̇CO2, carbon dioxide output; V̇E, pulmonary ventilation. Error bars indicate s.d.
Fig. 1. Changes in cardiorespiratory variables and energy expenditure (EE) at all gait speeds under normoxia (○), moderate hypoxia (△), and severe hypoxia (●). Values are mean±s.d. *P<0.05 between normoxia and severe hypoxia, †P<0.05 between moderate and severe hypoxia within a same speed, respectively (Tukey post hoc test was used). V̇O2, oxygen uptake; V̇CO2, carbon dioxide output; V̇E, pulmonary ventilation. Error bars indicate s.d.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 2. Energy cost of walking and economical speed. Energy cost of walking (Cw) at all gait speeds (A); averaged Cw during slower and faster three stages at each oxygen concentration (B); and comparisons in the economical speed (ES) at each oxygen concentration (C). White circles and bars indicate normoxia, gray triangles and bars indicate moderate hypoxia, and black circles and bars indicate severe hypoxia. In A, values are mean±s.d. Error bars indicate s.d. *P<0.05 between normoxia and moderate hypoxia, †P<0.05 between moderate and severe hypoxia (Tukey post hoc test was used).
Fig. 2. Energy cost of walking and economical speed. Energy cost of walking (Cw) at all gait speeds (A); averaged Cw during slower and faster three stages at each oxygen concentration (B); and comparisons in the economical speed (ES) at each oxygen concentration (C). White circles and bars indicate normoxia, gray triangles and bars indicate moderate hypoxia, and black circles and bars indicate severe hypoxia. In A, values are mean±s.d. Error bars indicate s.d. *P<0.05 between normoxia and moderate hypoxia, †P<0.05 between moderate and severe hypoxia (Tukey post hoc test was used).CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 3. Relative changes from standing baseline values in deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) corresponding to gait speed at each oxygen concentration. White circles indicate normoxia, gray circles indicate moderate hypoxia, and black circles indicate severe hypoxia. Values are mean±s.d. *P<0.05 between normoxia and moderate hypoxia; †P<0.05 between moderate and severe hypoxia; (Tukey post hoc test was used).
Fig. 3. Relative changes from standing baseline values in deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) corresponding to gait speed at each oxygen concentration. White circles indicate normoxia, gray circles indicate moderate hypoxia, and black circles indicate severe hypoxia. Values are mean±s.d. *P<0.05 between normoxia and moderate hypoxia; †P<0.05 between moderate and severe hypoxia; (Tukey post hoc test was used).CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig. 4. Relationships between an individual's ES and delta changes in HHb between standing baseline and last 1-min data at each gait speed. Data are pooled in all oxygen concentrations (n=36). Data points indicate normoxia (○), moderate hypoxia (△), and severe hypoxia (●).Gait speed of (A) 0.667 m s−1; (B) 0.861 m s−1; (C) 1.056 m s−1; (D) 1.250 m s−1; (E) 1.444 m s−1; and (F) 1.639 m s−1.
Fig. 4. Relationships between an individual's ES and delta changes in HHb between standing baseline and last 1-min data at each gait speed. Data are pooled in all oxygen concentrations (n=36). Data points indicate normoxia (○), moderate hypoxia (△), and severe hypoxia (●).Gait speed of (A) 0.667 m s−1; (B) 0.861 m s−1; (C) 1.056 m s−1; (D) 1.250 m s−1; (E) 1.444 m s−1; and (F) 1.639 m s−1.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Horiuchi, M., Handa, Y., Abe, D., & Fukuoka, Y.
Venue
Biology Open
Publisher
The Company of Biologists
Published
2016-10-15
Volume
5
Issue
10
Pages
1408-1414
ISSN
2046-6390
DOI
10.1242/bio.019810
PMC
PMC5087691
Cited by
16
References
2
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 (vor, 1419 d)
Funders
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (26440268JP, 26440266JP, 26650175JP)

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