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Controlling morpholino experiments: don't stop making antisense
Abstract
One of the most significant problems facing developmental biologists who do not work on an organism with well-developed genetics - and even for some who do - is how to inhibit the action of a gene of interest during development so as to learn about its normal biological function. A widely adopted approach is to use antisense technologies, and especially morpholino antisense oligonucleotides. In this article, we review the use of such reagents and present examples of how they have provided insights into developmental mechanisms. We also discuss how the use of morpholinos can lead to misleading results, including off-target effects, and we suggest controls that will allow researchers to interpret morpholino experiments correctly.
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Cites
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Cited by
Guidelines for morpholino use in zebrafish
Stainier, D. Y. R., Raz, E., Lawson, N. D., Ekker, S. C., Burdine, R. D., Eisen, J. S., Ingham, P. W., Schulte-Merker, S., Yelon, D., Weinstein, B. M., et al. (2017) · PLOS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007000 · Cited by 336
Self-citationmiR-204 is required for lens and retinal development via Meis2 targeting
Conte, I., Carrella, S., Avellino, R., Karali, M., Marco-Ferreres, R., Bovolenta, P., & Banfi, S. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0914785107 · Cited by 181
NANS-mediated synthesis of sialic acid is required for brain and skeletal development
van Karnebeek, C. D. M., Bonafé, L., Wen, X.-Y., Tarailo-Graovac, M., Balzano, S., Royer-Bertrand, B., Ashikov, A., Garavelli, L., Mammi, I., Turolla, L., et al. (2016) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3578 · Cited by 164
Quantitative Proteomics by Metabolic Labeling of Model Organisms
Gouw, J. W., Krijgsveld, J., & Heck, A. J. R. (2010) · Molecular & Cellular Proteomics · doi:10.1074/mcp.r900001-mcp200 · Cited by 151
Nepal, C., Hadzhiev, Y., Previti, C., Haberle, V., Li, N., Takahashi, H., Suzuki, A. M. M., Sheng, Y., Abdelhamid, R. F., Anand, S., et al. (2013) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.153692.112 · Cited by 127
Fukazawa, T., Naora, Y., Kunieda, T., & Kubo, T. (2009) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.033985 · Cited by 115
Desmoplakin is required for epidermal integrity and morphogenesis in the Xenopus laevis embryo
Bharathan, N. K., & Dickinson, A. J. G. (2019) · Developmental Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2019.03.010 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Eisen, J. S., & Smith, J. C.
- Venue
- Development
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2008-05-15
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1735-1743
- ISSN
- 0950-1991 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9129
- OpenAlex
- W2009635392
- Cited by
- 637
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 17.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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