Flexible clap and fling in tiny insect flight
Open accessAbstract
Of the insects that have been filmed in flight, those that are 1 mm in length or less often clap their wings together at the end of each upstroke and fling them apart at the beginning of each downstroke. This ;clap and fling' motion is thought to augment the lift forces generated during flight. What has not been highlighted in previous work is that very large forces are required to clap the wings together and to fling the wings apart at the low Reynolds numbers relevant to these tiny insects. In this paper, we use the immersed boundary method to simulate clap and fling in rigid and flexible wings. We find that the drag forces generated during fling with rigid wings can be up to 10 times larger than what would be produced without the effects of wing-wing interaction. As the horizontal components of the forces generated during the end of the upstroke and beginning of the downstroke cancel as a result of the motion of the two wings, these forces cannot be used to generate thrust. As a result, clap and fling appears to be rather inefficient for the smallest flying insects. We also add flexibility to the wings and find that the maximum drag force generated during the fling can be reduced by about 50%. In some instances, the net lift forces generated are also improved relative to the rigid wing case.
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The immersed boundary method has been applied to a wide variety of problems in biological fluid dynamics for intermediate Re including insect flight, aquatic locomotion, and ciliary driven flows.
“The immersed boundary method has been applied to a wide variety of problems in biological fluid dynamics for intermediate Re including insect flight [26, 27, 28], aquatic locomotion [16, 15], and ciliary driven flows [18].”
From Reynolds number limits for jet propulsion: a numerical study of simplified jellyfish (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
For low Re, leading and trailing edge vortices are diffuse and do not separate from the wings.
“For these low Re , leading and trailing edge vortices are diffuse and do not separate from the wings.”
From Reynolds number limits for jet propulsion: a numerical study of simplified jellyfish (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
Flapping performance (ratio of lift to drag) drastically decreases for Re < 10.
“flapping performance (defined as the ratio of lift to drag) drastically decreases for Re < 10 [28].”
From Reynolds number limits for jet propulsion: a numerical study of simplified jellyfish (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
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Wing flexibility improves bumblebee flight stability
Mistick, E. A., Mountcastle, A. M., & Combes, S. A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.133157 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Naut Your Everyday Jellyfish Model: Exploring How Tentacles and Oral Arms Impact Locomotion
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Data reconstruction at surface in immersed-boundary methods
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Effect of clap-and-fling mechanism on force generation in flapping wing micro aerial vehicles
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Dynamics of two-dimensional flow around a circular cylinder with flexible filaments attached
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Flow Visualization in the Wake of the Flapping-Wing MAV 'DelFly II' in Forward Flight
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Scaling of the performance of insect-inspired passive-pitching flapping wings
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Effect of Different Types of Wing-Wing Interactions in Flapping MAVs
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Swimming in the Intermediate Reynolds Range: Kinematics of the Pteropod Limacina helicina
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Feeding Currents of the Upside Down Jellyfish in the Presence of Background Flow
Hamlet, C., & Miller, L. A. (2012) · Bulletin of Mathematical Biology · doi:10.1007/s11538-012-9765-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The hydrodynamics of swimming at intermediate Reynolds numbers in the water boatman (Corixidae).
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The unsteady force response of an accelerating flat plate with controlled spanwise bending
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Free hovering of hummingbird hawkmoth and effects of wing mass and wing elevation
Yao, J., & Yeo, K. S. (2019) · Computers & Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.compfluid.2019.04.007 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Forward flight and sideslip manoeuvre of a model hawkmoth
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A novel mechanism of mixing by pulsing corals
Samson, J. E., Miller, L. A., Ray, D. D., Holzman, R., Shavit, U., & Khatri, S. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.192518 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Nanomechanical properties of wing membrane layers in the house cricket (Acheta domesticus Linnaeus)
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Ghommem, M., Hassanalian, M., Al-Marzooqi, M., Throneberry, G., & Abdelkefi, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part G Journal of Aerospace Engineering · doi:10.1177/0954410019852570 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Colloquium : Miniature insect flight
Sun, M. (2023) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.95.041001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Extremely large sweep amplitude enables high wing loading in giant hovering insects
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A mass-spring fluid-structure interaction solver: Application to flexible revolving wings
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The attraction between a flexible filament and a point vortex
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Effects of wing pitch kinematics on both aerodynamic and olfactory functions in an upwind surge
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Vortex trapping recaptures energy in flying fruit flies
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Flapping propulsion using a fin ray
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An immersed boundary method for two-fluid mixtures
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On the Dynamic Suction Pumping of Blood Cells in Tubular Hearts
Battista, N., Lane, A., & Miller, L. A. (2017) · Association for Women in Mathematics series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60304-9_11 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Aerodynamic forces and flows of the full and partial clap-fling motions in insects
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A novel cylindrical overlap-and-fling mechanism used by sea butterflies
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Flying Spiders: Simulating and Modeling the Dynamics of Ballooning
Zhao, L., Panayotova, I. N., Chuang, A., Sheldon, K. S., Bourouiba, L., & Miller, L. A. (2017) · Association for Women in Mathematics series · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-60304-9_10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Numerical Study of Scaling Effects in Peristalsis and Dynamic Suction Pumping
Baird, A. J., King, T., & Miller, L. A. (2014) · Contemporary mathematics - American Mathematical Society · doi:10.1090/conm/628/12543 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Fluid–structure interactions of bristled wings: the trade-off between weight and drag
Lin, Y. L., Pezzulla, M., & Reis, P. M. (2023) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2023.0266 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Miller, L. A., & Peskin, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, Laura A.
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Biology
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2009-10-01
- Volume
- 212
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 3076-3090
- ISSN
- 0022-0949 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-9145
- OpenAlex
- W2141248119
- Cited by
- 179
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 11.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Biomimetic flight and propulsion mechanisms
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Fluid dynamics and aerodynamics studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Aeroelasticity and Vibration Control
- Keywords
- clap-and-fling, insect flight, wing flexibility, wing-wing interaction, drag force, lift generation, low Reynolds number aerodynamics, upstroke and downstroke, thrust generation, immersed boundary method
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biomechanical Phenomena, Flight, Animal, Insecta, Wings, Animal, Body Size
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