Cited by 529Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyExercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Metabolic bases of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: a review

GAESSER, GLENN A., BROOKS, GEORGE A.·1984·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1249/00005768-198401000-00008

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Abstract

The classical "oxygen debt" hypothesis formulated by Hill and associates in the 1920s was an attempt to link the metabolism of lactic acid with the O2 consumption in excess of resting that occurs after exercise. The O2 debt was hypothesized to represent the oxidation of a minor fraction (1/5) of the lactate formed during exercise, to provide the energy to reconvert the remainder (4/5) of the lactate to glycogen during recovery. In 1933 Margaria et al. modified this hypothesis by distinguishing between initial, fast ("alactacid"), and second, slow ("lactacid"), O2-debt curve components. They hypothesized that the fast phase of the post-exercise O2 consumption curve was due to the restoration of phosphagen (ATP + CP). It is now probable that the original lactic acid explanation of the O2 debt was too simplistic. Numerous studies on several species have provided evidence demonstrating a dissociation between the kinetics of lactate removal and the slow component of the post-exercise VO2. The metabolism of lactate, a readily oxidizable substrate, following exercise appears to be directed primarily toward energy production in mitochondria. The elevated concentration of lactate present at the end of exercise may be viewed as a "reservoir of carbon," which may serve as a source of oxidative ATP production or as a source of carbon skeletons for the synthesis of glucose, glycogen, amino acids, and TCA cycle intermediates. The metabolic basis of the elevated post-exercise VO2 may be understood in terms of those factors which directly or indirectly influence mitochondrial O2 consumption. Included among these factors are catecholamines, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, fatty acids, calcium ions, and temperature. Of these, elevated temperature is perhaps the most important. As no complete explanation of the post-exercise metabolism exists, it is recommended that the term "O2 debt" be used to describe a set of phenomena during recovery from exercise. The terms "alactacid debt" and "lactacid debt," which suggest a mechanism, are inappropriate. Use of alternative terms, e.g., "excess post-exercise oxygen consumption" (EPOC) and "recovery O2," will avoid implication of causality in describing the elevation in metabolic rate above resting levels after exercise.

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“cholamine and body temperature could have also aVected post-exercise VO2 (Brooks et al. 1971; Gaesser and Brooks 1984; Gladden et al. 1982; Hagberg et al. 1980; Sedlock et al. 1989).”
Background
Similar metabolic response to lower- versus upper-body interval exercise or endurance exercise
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Background
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“…two categories: those increasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent processes other than actomyosin cross-bridge cycling (e.g. increased active ion permeability) [45,46] and those replacing oxygen stores or changing the stoichiometry between oxygen consumption and ATP production [45,47,48].”
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“Oxygen debt is defined [6, 22] by the deviation from homeostasis, i.”
Background
Low Cancer Incidence in Naked Mole-Rats May Be Related to Their Inability to Express the Warburg Effect
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“Since both processes consume oxygen, this phase is characterized by increased oxygen consumption ( _ VO2) to restore the nominal situation, so the “oxygen debt” that developed during hypoxia is “repaid” during recovery (Gaesser and Brooks, 1984).”
Background
Resistance and Aerobic Training Sequence Effects on Energy Consumption in Females
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Background
Sex Differences in Recovery From Sprint Interval Exercise
Forsyth, J. J., & Burt, D. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003460 · Cited by 8
“EPOC, defined as the increased oxygen used above resting postexercise levels (20), was taken as the total V̇O2 from the pre-exercise baseline measure subtracted from the total V̇O2 in the postexercise period of the same duration.”
Method
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“Fish use a portion of their AS to metabolize the waste products accumulated during anaerobic exercise (Gaesser and Brooks,1984; Richards et al ., 2002; Richards et al ., 2003).”
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“The time selected reflects the estimated metabolic recovery time (Gaesser & Brooks, 1984; Farrell 2007), but it should be noted that the time required for the plasma index to return to normal is significantly more than 60 min (Milligan, 1996a, b).”
Background
Effects of constant flow velocity on endurance swimming and fatigue metabolism in red drum and blackhead seabream
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“The rate at which V̇O2 recovers to resting values has been used, in part, as an index of systemic oxidative capacity (mainly attributed to the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscle, cardiovascular, and pulmonary) in healthy individuals [26, 33].”
Background
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption after reduced exertion high-intensity interval training on the cycle ergometer and rowing ergometer
Clausen, R. D., & Astorino, T. A. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05309-x · Cited by 7
“…addition, due to greater contribution of fast twitch fibers and likely greater glycogen degradation in cycling (Capostagno and Bosch 2010), it is possible that glycogen resynthesis from lactate is enhanced in response to REHIT-CE versus REHIT-RE, which contributes to EPOC (Gaesser and Brooks 1984).”
Influence of Resistance Training Variables on Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption: A Systematic Review
Farinatti, P., Neto, A. G. C., & da Silva, N. S. L. (2012) · ISRN Physiology · doi:10.1155/2013/825026 · Cited by 9
Blood?gas profile in the show jumper undergoing increasing workloads during a 2-day event
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“Among these, lactate oxidation is of the utmost importance as are creatine re-phosphorylation, increased mitochondrial respiration, caused by exercise-induced catecholamine release, and increased muscle temperature (Gaesser and Brooks 1984).”
Background
On the kinetics of anaerobic power
Moxnes, J. F., Hausken, K., & Sandbakk, Ø. B. (2012) · Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling · doi:10.1186/1742-4682-9-29 · Cited by 7
“Finally, Gaesser and Brooks [39] introduced the term “excess post-exercise oxygen consumption”, which also included the much more prolonged increase in aerobic power that is observed for hours after exercise.”
BackgroundInfluential
The effects of meal size on postprandial metabolic response and post-exercise metabolic recovery process in juvenile black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus)
Li, X.-M., Fu, S., Li, X.-J., Zheng, H., Peng, J.-L., Wei, W., Pang, X., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology · doi:10.1080/10236244.2018.1497427 · Cited by 7
Spontaneously hypertensive rats have greater impairments in regulating abdominal temperature than brain cortex temperature following physical exercise
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Effects of short-term fasting on spontaneous activity and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in four juvenile fish species with different foraging strategies
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“The increased oxygen consumption (Mð†ÞO2) above resting levels after exhaustive exercise, which is termed ‘excess post-exercise oxygen consumption’ (EPOC), reflects the increased oxygen consumption required to restore the tissue and cellular stores of oxygen and highenergy phosphates, the biochemical imbalances in met…”
Background
Déterminants des différentes phases de la cinétique de la consommation d’oxygène chez l’homme
Perrey, S., & Candau, R. B. (2002) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/s0765-1597(02)00150-8 · Cited by 7
“[35] Gaesser GA, Brooks GA.”
The effects of physical exercise on the antioxidative capacity of the liver
Lew, H., Pyke, S., & Quintanilha, A. T. (1987) · Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics · doi:10.1016/0302-4598(87)85025-0 · Cited by 7
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Climate warming will test the limits of thermal plasticity in rainbow trout, a globally distributed fish
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“Measures of oxygen consumption during the recovery period following a bout of exhaustive exercise (i.e. EPOC) indirectly estimate the use of glycolytic metabolism during the exercise bout (Gaesser and Brooks, 1984).”
Osmorespiratory compromise in an elasmobranch: oxygen consumption, ventilation and nitrogen metabolism during recovery from exhaustive exercise in dogfish sharks (Squalus suckleyi)
Giacomin, M., Schulte, P. M., & Wood, C. M. (2022) · Journal of Comparative Physiology B · doi:10.1007/s00360-022-01447-4 · Cited by 6
“EPOC, sometimes referred to as O2 debt, can be used as an indirect quantification of the energy used to restore physiological disturbances and replenishment of substrates used during exhaustive exercise (Gaesser and Brooks 1984).”
Background
Energy Expenditure Prediction from Accelerometry Data Using Long Short-Term Memory Recurrent Neural Networks
Vibæk, M., Peimankar, A., Wiil, U. K., Arvidsson, D., & Brønd, J. C. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24082520 · Cited by 9
“The interpolation is done using a 1 s epoch and the 10 s threshold is selected to reﬂect the rapid EPOC component [25].”
Method
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“Since the pioneer work of Krogh and Lindhard,(1) it is well established that, after exercise, oxygen uptake ( _ VO2) does not immediately return to the pre-exercise resting levels.(1,2) This phenomenon was initially termed ‘‘oxygen debt,’’(3) and later renamed excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) to better r…”
Background
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Ichikawa, Y., Maeda, T., Takahashi, T., et al. (2020) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12641 · Cited by 6
“of increased body temperature, and catecholamine are observed during exercise.(7) Additionally, we thought that an increased lactic acid accumulation markedly enhances the O2 debt above AT.”
Background
Exercise Timing Matters for Glycogen Metabolism and Accumulated Fat Oxidation over 24 h
Iwayama, K., Seol, J., & Tokuyama, K. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15051109 · Cited by 7
Variable factors of total daily energy expenditure in humans
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Resistance exercise increases postexercise oxygen consumption in nonexercising muscle
Nagasawa, T. (2008) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0862-z · Cited by 6
“The increase in whole body oxygen consumption _ VO2 after exercise mainly occurs as an increase in _ VO2 by exercising muscles (Bahr 1992; Borsheim and Bahr 2003; Gaesser and Brooks 1984).”
BackgroundInfluential
Lactate availability is not the major factor limiting muscle glycogen repletion during recovery from an intense sprint in previously active fasted rats
Raja, G. K., Mills, S., Palmer, T. N., & Fournier, P. A. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.5913 · Cited by 6
Physiological demands of performance in classical ballet and their relationships with injury and aesthetic components.
Twitchett, E. A. (2009) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton) · Cited by 6
Effects of the menstrual cycle on EPOC and fat oxidation after low-volume high-intensity interval training
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Acute Effects of High-Intensity Interval Exercise While Wearing a Sauna Suit on Energy Expenditure and Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
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“It is possible that combining HIIE with a sauna suit that increases temperature by 1° C (Table 2) can enhance EE (11), although our data showed no differences in Tc (10.”
BackgroundResult
Comparisons of energy metabolism and personality traits before and after angling in crucian carp ( Carassius auratus )
Cao, B. W., Chen, R., Chen, L., et al. (2024) · Ethology Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1080/03949370.2024.2343473 · Cited by 5
“…the magnitude of EPOC, which assesses the oxygen consumption of exhaustive exercise in fish, can reflect the ability of an individual fish to avoid predators, capture prey, and influence the fitness of an individual to survive to some extent (Gaesser & Brooks 1984; Kieffer 2000; Zeng et al. 2010).”
Diet composition does not alter energy expenditure, substrate metabolism, or excess post-exercise oxygen consumption in healthy, non-exercise trained women
Kern, M., Broder, H. D., Edmondson, J. I., & Cannon, D. T. (2007) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.08.004 · Cited by 5
“[1,10,16,17].”
Background
O treinamento de resistência muscular localizada como intervenção no emagrecimento
Santos, V. H. A., do Nascimento, W. F., & Liberali, R. (2008) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 5
Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity Assessment During Intermittent Conditions: Effect of Epoch Length on Energy Expenditure Estimate
Fabre, N., Lhuisset, L., & Bois, J. E. (2022) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2021.1956676 · Cited by 5
“…activities, EE would be more accurately estimated with longer epoch length, since the physiological impact of a previous exercise bout persists during the recovery phase despite stopping the activity (Gaesser & Brooks, 1984) and the higher the intensity, the more pronounced this should be.”
Background
Oxygen uptake during the last bouts of exercise incorporated into high-intensity intermittent cross-exercise exceeds the V ˙ O2max of the same exercise mode
Xu, Y., Liu, X., Tsuji, K., Hamaoka, T., & Tabata, I. (2024) · Sports Medicine and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.smhs.2024.01.002 · Cited by 5
“…of the oxygen uptake for the ongoing bicycling exercise and the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), which is calculated as the difference between the oxygen uptake at rest after exercise and the resting oxygen uptake, 29 – 34 induced by the preceding running exercise (5th bout).”
Background
Effect of sodium citrate ingestion on oxygen debt & exercise endurance during supramaximal exercise.
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Exploration des performances anaérobies de l'enfant. Bilan de 30 ans de recherche
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Locomotor variation of fishes: connecting energetics and kinematic modulation
Zhang, Y., Ramesh, D., Ko, H., & LAUDER, G. V. (2026) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2025.0070 · Cited by 6
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“…; 1.1 L or 5.5 kcal) compared with the volume-matched low-load (45% 8RM) protocol (52); however, the restricted number of repetitions between the high-and low-load sessions (8 and 15, respectively) potentially blunted the acute metabolic stimuli associated with beneficial postexercise alterations.”
Influential
Lactate Removal Ability and VO2 Recovery Kinetics in Sickle Cell Trait Carriers Compared with Normal Haemoglobin Subjects: Preliminary Data
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“Other mechanisms have been proposed to explain the slow component of EPOC such as catecholamines and temperature [20, 28] but we did not address any of these factors in the present study.”
Background
Effects of Temperature and Day Length on Daily Movements and Home Range ofGlaucomys volans(Southern Flying Squirrel) in the Northeastern United States
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Effect of road conditions on physiological stress responses and post-transportation growth and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings
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“Increased O2 consumption after exhaustive exercise such as transporting fish on very bad roads has been defined by Gaesser and Brooks (1984) as “excess post-exercise oxygen consumption” (EPOC).”
Background
Muscular blood oxygen level-dependent MRI is beneficial to evaluate effectiveness of an exercise prescription
Huang, Y., Wei, J.-L., Han, D., Jiang, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., & He, B. (2021) · Annals of Translational Medicine · doi:10.21037/atm-21-279 · Cited by 4
“after exercise leading to increased oxygen consumption in muscle tissues might be reflected via the R2* value in the recovery sessions (34), which would be consistent with the classical EPOC mechanism.”
Result
Oxyhemoglobin Concentration and Oxygen Uptake Signal During Recovery From Exhaustive Exercise in Healthy Subjects—Relationship With Aerobic Capacity
Żebrowska, M., Weippert, M., & Petelczyc, M. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.695569 · Cited by 4
“This process is associated with the rapid replenishment of oxygen reserves in the tissues and the restoration of most of the ATP and phosphocreatine, depleted during physical exertion (Gaesser and Brooks, 1984).”
Background
Sex-Related Differences in Oxygen Consumption Recovery After High-Intensity Rowing Exercise During Childhood and Adolescence
Bardin, J., Maciejewski, H., Diry, A., Thomas, C., & Ratel, S. (2022) · Pediatric Exercise Science · doi:10.1123/pes.2021-0173 · Cited by 4
“The amount of post-exercise O2 represents the additional amount of O2 131 used by the body to re-establish metabolic homeostasis related to increased body temperature, 132 hormone production, and energy substrate depletion during exercise (5, 19).”
Background
Efecto de los partidos de pretemporada en la planificación deportiva: Variabilidad en las sesiones de entrenamiento (Effect of preseason matches in sports planning: Variability of training sessions)
Fuentes, A. V., Ibaibarriaga, I. U., & Gil, S. M. (2015) · Retos · doi:10.47197/retos.v0i27.34346 · Cited by 4
Glucose and Fat Oxidation: Bomb Calorimeter Be Damned
Scott, C. B. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/375041 · Cited by 4
“As a result, in 1984, exercise physiologists suggested a qualitative name change to replace the lactate-associated O2 debt hypothesis: excess postexercise oxygen consumption or EPOC [8].”
Background
Health and fitness benefits using a heart rate intensity-based group fitness exercise regimen
Quindry, J. C., Williamson-Reisdorph, C. M., & French, J. P. (2019) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2020.153.18 · Cited by 4
“Among the benefits of HIIT training is the extended impact of EPOC on basal metabolic rates (Gaesser & Brooks, 1984; Khammassi et al., 2018; Roy et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metabolic Implications of Obesity, Weight Loss and Energy Expenditure following Gastric Restrictive Surgery
Macgregor, A. M. C. (1994) · Obesity Surgery · doi:10.1381/096089294765558700 · Cited by 4
Effect of Beta-Blockade on Postexercise Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure
Gianrossi, R., MYERS, J. N., Wagner, D., et al. (2001) · Heart Drug · doi:10.1159/000048952 · Cited by 4
A laboratory test for the examination of alactic running performance.
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CONSUMO DE OXIGÊNIO APÓS EXERCÍCIO RESISTIDO: UMA ABORDAGEM CRÍTICA SOBRE OS FATORES DETERMINANTES DE SUA MAGNITUDE E DURAÇÃO
Neto, A. G. C., & Farinatti, P. (2009) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 4
Insulin-enhanced thermogenesis in skeletal muscle after exercise: regulatory factors
Balon, T. W., Zorzano, A., Goodman, M. N., & Ruderman, N. B. (1986) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1986.251.3.e294 · Cited by 4
Factors Regulating Uncoupling Protein-3 (UCP-3) Expression in Skeletal Muscle
Willoughby, D. S. (2015) · Journal of Nutritional Health & Food Engineering · doi:10.15406/jnhfe.2015.03.00101 · Cited by 4
“According to Gaesser & Brooks [26], less than 20% of the lactate is re-converted to glycogen while around 55 to 70% is oxidized, which would indicate that oxidation is the primary post-exercise pathway of exercise-produced lactate.”
Background
Multimodel inference applied to oxygen recovery kinetics after 6-min walk tests in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Baty, F., Ritz, C., Jensen, S. M., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0187548 · Cited by 4
“After aerobic exercise, recovery phases are needed to normalize the excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) [26].”
Individual variation in metabolism and thermal tolerance in juvenile qingbo (Spinibarbus sinensis)
Pang, X., Fu, S., & Zhang, Y. (2017) · Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology · doi:10.1080/10236244.2017.1416269 · Cited by 4
Récupération postexercice chez le jeune nageur et différences liées au sexe
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Understanding the consequences of fisheries-related stressors on adult migrating Pacific salmon
Donaldson, M. (2012) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0072820 · Cited by 4
“Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) refers to the increased oxygen consumption that occurs following exercise to repay the oxygen debt incurred during the anaerobic activity (Gaesser and Brooks 1984; Lee et al. 2003).”
Background
Energy conservation by collective movement in schooling fishPreprint
Zhang, Y., & LAUDER, G. V. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.11.09.515731 · Cited by 4
Temperature-dependent exercise recovery is not associated with behavioral thermoregulation in a salmonid fish
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Prolonging the Warm-Up Effect by Using Additional Respiratory Dead Space Volume After the Cessation of Warm-Up Exercise
Hebisz, P., Hebisz, R. G., & Danek, N. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14197049 · Cited by 3
“Excess post-exercise oxygen uptake within 3–5 min post-exercise is associated with phosphocreatine resynthesis in mitochondria via oxidative phosphorylation [46–48].”
Excesso de oxigênio consumido pós-esforço: possíveis mecanismos fisiológicos
Lima‐Silva, A. E., Pires, F. O., & Bertuzzi, R. (2010) · journal of physical education · doi:10.4025/reveducfis.v21i3.6283 · Cited by 3
Metabolic Effects of Reduced Volume Sprint Interval Training During and Postexercise
McCarthy, S. F., McKie, G. L., Howe, G. J., Vanderheyden, L. W., & Hazell, T. J. (2024) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004726 · Cited by 3
“…in V ̇ O 2 is termed excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and is related to restoring homeostatic processes perturbed during exercise (12), including (but not limited to) oxygen replenishment in blood and muscle, adenosine triphosphate and creatine resynthesis, and lactate…”
Background
The Effects of Normobaric Hypoxia on the Acute Physiological Responses to Resistance Training: A Narrative Review
Allsopp, G. L., Britto, F. A., Wright, C. R., & Deldicque, L. (2024) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004909 · Cited by 4
The Respiratory System during Intermittent-Sprint Work: Respiratory Muscle Work and the Critical Distribution of Oxygen
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Exercise Physiology
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Energetic responses of head-out water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequence on anaerobic mechanical power
Coertjens, M., Coertjens, P. C., Tartaruga, M. P., Gorski, T., Lima‐Silva, A. E., Carminatti, L. J., Beyer, P. O., Almeida, A. P. V., Geremia, J. M., Peyré‐Tartaruga, L. A., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-023-05265-6 · Cited by 3
“The increase in ̇ V 2 during CWI recovery might be an alternative resource (Gaesser and Brooks 1984; Cochrane 2004) to accelerate the oxidation of the blood lactate [La − ] produced during anaerobic exercise (Belcastro and Bonen 1975).”
Background
Die Effekte von hochintensivem Intervalltraining in Fällen mit Rekonstruktion des anterioren Kreuzbandes
Akaras, E., Güzel, N. A., Kafa, N., Yağız, G., Odluyurt, M., & Ataoğlu, M. B. (2023) · Physikalische Medizin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurortmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-2197-1104 · Cited by 3
“Die Rolle von HIIT auf die aerobe Ka-pazität ist jedoch immer noch umstritten, wobei einige Autoren keine Veränderung der aeroben Kapazität berichten [72, 73], an - dere bestätigen jedoch auch die Rolle von HIIT bei der Verbesserung des Energiestoffwechsels [74, 75].”
Background
Consumo excessivo de oxigênio após atividade física – EPOC: uma breve explanação
de Freitas, A. L., & Marangon, A. F. C. (2008) · Universitas Ciências da Saúde · doi:10.5102/ucs.v2i2.542 · Cited by 3
Energy Costs of Physical Activity
Maughan, R., & Aulin, K. P. (1997) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000059611 · Cited by 3
EPOC aware energy expenditure estimation with machine learning
Kim, S., Lee, K., Lee, J., et al. (2016) · Conference proceedings/Conference proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics · doi:10.1109/smc.2016.7844465 · Cited by 3
EFFECT OF SHORT-TERM SLING EXERCISE WITH WHOLE BODY VIBRATION RECOVERY METHOD ON HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE AND LACTIC ACID LEVEL VARIABILITY
Oh, J.-H., Kwon, T., Hong, C.-U., et al. (2018) · Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1142/s021951941840016x · Cited by 3
Effects of moderate-intensity exercise on diet-induced increase in resting oxygen uptake
Tsuji, K., Xu, Y., & Tabata, I. (2019) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.8.15 · Cited by 3
Association between Muscle Damage and Head Impacts in High School American Football
Huibregtse, M. E., Zonner, S. W., Ejima, K., Bevilacqua, Z. W., Newman, S. D., Macy, J. T., & Kawata, K. (2019) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1021-1735 · Cited by 3
“Peak EPOC values were not utilized because EPOC declines over time and not necessarily in a linear fashion [34].”
Method
Estimating excess post-exercise oxygen consumption using multiple linear regression in healthy Korean adults: a pilot study
Jung, W., Park, H., Kim, S.-W., Kim, J., Hwang, H., & Lim, K. (2021) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2021.0006 · Cited by 4
Effects of exercise on energy balance in meal-fed mice
Itey, P., Rivest, S., & Richard, D. (1991) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(91)90043-n · Cited by 3
Evaluation of the relationship between venous function and post exercise oxygen consumption recovery kinetics
Tisdell, E. (2004) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_theses.360 · Cited by 3
“In conclusion, these findings suggest an important role of both the arterial and venous circulation on EPOC. iv 1 CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION Recent evidence clearly shows that heart-rate recovery immediately after exercise is a significant predictor of mortality (1-3).”
BackgroundInfluential
Analysis of road sprint cycling performance
Menaspà, P. (2015) · Australasian Journal of Paramedicine · Cited by 3
Comparison of energy consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption according to Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performance in Taekwondo players
Jung, W.-S., Sun, Y., Park, H.-Y., Kim, S.-W., Jung, H., Park, S.-A., Kim, J., & Lim, K. (2023) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2023.0005 · Cited by 2
Effects of pre‐experimental fasting and sheltering on the swimming performance and oxygen consumption of juvenile grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella )
Ali, M. H., Huang, Y., Johnson, D., et al. (2024) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.16034 · Cited by 2

Authors: GAESSER, G. A., & BROOKS, G. A.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: GAESSER, GLENN A.
BROOKS, GEORGE A.
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1984-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 29???43
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/00005768-198401000-00008
OpenAlex: W1976154872
Cited by: 529
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 14.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, oxygen debt, lactate oxidation, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, post-exercise recovery, catecholamines, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, fatty acids, calcium, body temperature, energy metabolism
MeSH terms: Amphibians, Anaerobiosis, Animals, Carbon, Physical Exertion, Glycogen, Humans, Lactates, Metabolism, Mitochondria, Oxygen Consumption, Lactic Acid

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Metabolic bases of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: a review

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