Cited by 529Cardiovascular and exercise physiologyExercise and Physiological ResponsesMuscle metabolism and nutrition

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Metabolic bases of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: a review

GAESSER, GLENN A., BROOKS, GEORGE A.·1984·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1249/00005768-198401000-00008

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Abstract

The classical "oxygen debt" hypothesis formulated by Hill and associates in the 1920s was an attempt to link the metabolism of lactic acid with the O2 consumption in excess of resting that occurs after exercise. The O2 debt was hypothesized to represent the oxidation of a minor fraction (1/5) of the lactate formed during exercise, to provide the energy to reconvert the remainder (4/5) of the lactate to glycogen during recovery. In 1933 Margaria et al. modified this hypothesis by distinguishing between initial, fast ("alactacid"), and second, slow ("lactacid"), O2-debt curve components. They hypothesized that the fast phase of the post-exercise O2 consumption curve was due to the restoration of phosphagen (ATP + CP). It is now probable that the original lactic acid explanation of the O2 debt was too simplistic. Numerous studies on several species have provided evidence demonstrating a dissociation between the kinetics of lactate removal and the slow component of the post-exercise VO2. The metabolism of lactate, a readily oxidizable substrate, following exercise appears to be directed primarily toward energy production in mitochondria. The elevated concentration of lactate present at the end of exercise may be viewed as a "reservoir of carbon," which may serve as a source of oxidative ATP production or as a source of carbon skeletons for the synthesis of glucose, glycogen, amino acids, and TCA cycle intermediates. The metabolic basis of the elevated post-exercise VO2 may be understood in terms of those factors which directly or indirectly influence mitochondrial O2 consumption. Included among these factors are catecholamines, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, fatty acids, calcium ions, and temperature. Of these, elevated temperature is perhaps the most important. As no complete explanation of the post-exercise metabolism exists, it is recommended that the term "O2 debt" be used to describe a set of phenomena during recovery from exercise. The terms "alactacid debt" and "lactacid debt," which suggest a mechanism, are inappropriate. Use of alternative terms, e.g., "excess post-exercise oxygen consumption" (EPOC) and "recovery O2," will avoid implication of causality in describing the elevation in metabolic rate above resting levels after exercise.

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“…exists between 25 s and 30 s associated with phosphocreatine resynthesis and the restoration of the muscular O2 stock, followed by a slow component for several minutes to compensate for the O2 deficits due to the accumulation of lactate at the beginning of exercise (Gaesser and Brooks, 1984).”
Background
EXCESS POST-EXERCISE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION (EPOC) FOLLOWING MULTIPLE EFFORT SPRINT AND MODERATE AEROBIC EXERCISE
Townsend, J. R., Stout, J. R., Morton, A. B., Jajtner, A. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Wells, A. J., Mangine, G. T., McCormack, W. P., Emerson, N. S., Robinson, E. H., et al. (2013) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 31
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“However, numerous studies have subsequently demonstrated that the mechanistic basis for the postexercise V̇O2 response is far more complex than originally thought (7).”
Background
Blood lactate accumulation in intermittent supramaximal exercise
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Dissociation between $$\dot V_{O_2 \max }$$ and ventilatory threshold responses to endurance training
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Self-citation
Acute interval running induces greater excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and lipid oxidation than isocaloric continuous running in men with obesity
Jiang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, Z., & Wang, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-59893-9 · Cited by 29
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Transient energy deficit induced by exercise increases 24-h fat oxidation in young trained men
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Oxygen consumption following exercise of moderate intensity and duration
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Exercise as a Therapeutic Strategy for Obesity: Central and Peripheral Mechanisms
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Effects of Walking with Blood Flow Restriction on Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption
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The energetic, physiological, and behavioral response of lemon sharks (Negaprion brevirostris) to simulated longline capture
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Elevation of Metabolic Rate Following Exercise
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Effect of continuous and intermittent bouts of isocaloric cycling and running exercise on excess postexercise oxygen consumption
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Physiological comparison of hemorrhagic shock and V˙O 2 max: A conceptual framework for defining the limitation of oxygen delivery
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Energy Expenditure During Tennis Play: A Preliminary Video Analysis and Metabolic Model Approach
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“This could be explained by the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (13) mainly related to the lactate metabolism and phosphocreatine resynthesis during rest phases (15).”
Background
The Lactate Minimum Test: Concept, Methodological Aspects and Insights for Future Investigations in Human and Animal Models
Messias, L. H. D., Gobatto, C. A., Beck, W. R., & Manchado-Gobatto, F. D. B. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00389 · Cited by 33
“It is valid to state that authors have challenged the postexercise oxygen debt theory (Gaesser and Brooks, 1984; Brooks, 1985).”
Background
Beyond Peak Oxygen Uptake
Ribeiro, J. P., Stein, R., & Chiappa, G. R. (2006) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-200603000-00001 · Cited by 26
Re-interpreting anaerobic metabolism: an argument for the application of both anaerobic glycolysis and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) as independent sources of energy expenditure
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“If recovery is predominantly fueled by lactate and fats (Bahr 1992; Gaesser and Brooks 1984), then the heat equivalent of oxidative recovery is at least 5% less than steady-state O2 uptake predicts; that is, 19.6 kJ per l of O2.”
BackgroundInfluential
Is postexercise hypotension related to excess postexercise oxygen consumption through changes in leg blood flow?
Williams, J. T., Pricher, M. P., & Halliwill, J. R. (2004) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01211.2004 · Cited by 26
“This increase in postexercise V˙ O2 is commonly referred to as excess postexercise V˙ O2 (EPOC) and is described as the excess V˙ O2 above that required to support resting metabolic processes after exercise ( 16 ).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Effect of β-adrenoceptor blockade on post-exercise oxygen consumption
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Effect of Exercise Training on Postexercise Oxygen Uptake Kinetics in Patients With Reduced Ventricular Function
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The Metabolic Systems: Anaerobic Metabolism (Glycolytic and Phosphagen)
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Self-citation
Modeling the Metabolic Energetics of Brief and Intermittent Locomotion in Lizards and Rodents1
Gleeson, T. T., & Hancock, T. V. (2001) · American Zoologist · doi:10.1668/0003-1569(2001)041[0211:mtmeob]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 25
“Several recent accountings of EPOC components that contribute to EPOC in mammals can be found (Gaesser and Brooks, 1984; Bahr, 1992; Fitts, 1994; Neufer, 1999).”
Background
Exercise and obesity
Horton, T. J., & Hill, J. O. (1998) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19980014 · Cited by 27

Authors: GAESSER, G. A., & BROOKS, G. A.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
ORCID: GAESSER, GLENN A.
BROOKS, GEORGE A.
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1984-01
Volume: 16
Issue: 1
Pages: 29???43
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/00005768-198401000-00008
OpenAlex: W1976154872
Cited by: 529
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 14.05
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Keywords: excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, oxygen debt, lactate oxidation, mitochondrial oxygen consumption, post-exercise recovery, catecholamines, thyroxine, glucocorticoids, fatty acids, calcium, body temperature, energy metabolism
MeSH terms: Amphibians, Anaerobiosis, Animals, Carbon, Physical Exertion, Glycogen, Humans, Lactates, Metabolism, Mitochondria, Oxygen Consumption, Lactic Acid

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Metabolic bases of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption: a review

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