Cited by 345Cardiovascular and exercise physiologySports Performance and TrainingLower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies

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Running economy of elite male and elite female runners

DANIELS, JACK, DANIELS, NANCY·1992·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise

DOI 10.1249/00005768-199204000-00015

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Abstract

Twenty female and 45 male middle and long-distance runners, in training for the U.S. Olympic Trials, served as subjects. Ninety percent of both men and women subjects reached the Trials; eight women and 12 men qualified for the Olympic Games and five won medals. Each subject completed a VO2max and a series of submax treadmill runs, for the purpose of comparing heart rate (HR), VO2, and blood lactate (HLa) among men and women and among runners of various event specialties. Results showed the men to be taller, heavier, to have a lower six-site skinfold sum and a higher VO2max, than the women (P less than 0.05); there was no difference in age. When compared in running economy, men used less oxygen (ml.min-1.kg-1) at common absolute velocities, but VO2 (ml.km-1.kg-1) was not different between men and women at equal relative intensities (%VO2max). When men and women of equal VO2max were compared, the men were significantly more economical, using any method of comparison. Also, when comparisons of men and women of equal economy were made, it was found that the men had an even greater advantage over the "matched" women subjects than the mean VO2max comparison using all subjects. In looking at the SD (800-/1500-m runners), MD (3-K/5-K/10-K runners) and LD (marathon runners), it was found that the SD runners used the least oxygen (ml.min-1.kg-1) at speeds of marathon race pace and faster, but not at slower speeds. Men and women responded similarly in this regard. Running economy data for speeds slower than typical race paces, tended to show the LD runners to be most economical, suggesting that the speeds over which runners are tested plays an important part in determining which subjects are the most economical. It was concluded that at absolute running velocities, men are more economical than women, but when expressed in ml.km-1.kg-1 there are no gender differences at similar relative intensities of running. Also, when men and women of equal VO2max or equal economy are matched, the men show a better aerobic profile. It is recommended that economy data be collected up to speeds equal to over 90% VO2max.

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Items 101–200 of 345

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Sundby, Ø. H., & Gorelick, M. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000376 · Cited by 33
“economy is believed to be influenced by gender (19), type”
Background
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Jensen, K., Franch, J., Kärkkäinen, O. P., et al. (1994) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.1994.tb00433.x · Cited by 32
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“When compared to men, women tend to have a lower running economy (9) and completely less anaerobic work (4,17), with differences in anthropometry and neuromuscular capacities likely being an influence (2) as a potential result of typically lower resistance training age.”
Background
Is There an Optimal Speed for Economical Running?
Black, M. I., Handsaker, J. C., Allen, S. J., Forrester, S., & Folland, J. P. (2017) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2017-0015 · Cited by 30
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“With regards to their physiological characteristics, most studies focused on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), anaerobic threshold and running economy (Helgerud et al., 1990; Daniels and Daniels, 1992; Pate and O’Neill, 2007).”
Background
Influence of the oxygen uptake slow component on the aerobic energy cost of high-intensity submaximal treadmill running in humans
Bernard, O., MADDIO, F. D. R., Ouattara, S., et al. (1998) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050464 · Cited by 30
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Moore, I. S., JONES, A. M., & Dixon, S. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12514 · Cited by 29
“These speeds were chosen following the recommendations that test speeds should be representative of training speeds for the assessment of the oxygen cost of running (Daniels & Daniels, 1992; Jones & Carter, 2000).”
Method
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Smekal, G., von DUVILLARD, S. P., Pokan, R., et al. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000058358.14293.de · Cited by 29
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McClelland, E. L., & Weyand, P. G. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00359.2022 · Cited by 31
The Effects of Static Stretching on Running Economy and Endurance Performance in Female Distance Runners During Treadmill Running
Mojock, C., Kim, J., Eccles, D. W., & Panton, L. B. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181e859db · Cited by 28
“When the speed tested was slower than race pace, the long distance athletes were most economical (9).”
Background
Gender Comparison of Physiologic and Perceptual Responses in Recreational Marathon Runners
Loftin, M., SOTHERN, M. S., Tuuri, G., Tompkins, C. L., Koss, C., & Bonis, M. P. (2009) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.4.3.307 · Cited by 28
Step Frequency Training Improves Running Economy in Well-Trained Female Runners
Quinn, T. J., Dempsey, S. L., LaRoche, D. P., MacKenzie, A. M., & Cook, S. B. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003206 · Cited by 28
“In a heterogeneous sample of distance runners, success has often been attributed to the runner’s maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) (11), but in homogeneous samples of elite runners, RE is the better predictor of performance (9,16,20,32,33,41).”
Background
Will women outrun men in ultra-marathon road races from 50 km to 1,000 km?
Zingg, M. A., Karner-Rezek, K., Rosemann, T. J., et al. (2014) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-97 · Cited by 27
“Moreover, running economy at absolute velocities is better in elite male than elite female runners (Daniels and Daniels 1992).”
Background
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“In a study with Caucasian runners (7), it was concluded that male runners are more economical compared with female runners at the most common velocities of running; however, at the same relative intensities, there is no difference in RE between the elitelevel male and female runners.”
Background
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“Yet, it is known from previous studies that, in elite athletes running at similar submaximal speeds, males are more economical than females in terms of absolute oxygen uptake and no sex specificity exists when the oxygen uptake is normalized by the body mass [51].”
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“Previous research has established that differences in physiological and biomechanical characteristics exist between highly trained male and female runners during submaximal normal body weight running [3, 30].”
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Critical Power Concept Adapted for the Specific Table Tennis Test: Comparisons Between Exhaustion Criteria, Mathematical Modeling, and Correlation with Gas Exchange Parameters
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Elite Distance Runners
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“Running economy was evaluated in each of the three testing sessions using an established method (7,9,10).”
MethodSelf-citation
A Plyometric Warm-Up Protocol Improves Running Economy in Recreational Endurance Athletes
Wei, C., Yu, L., Duncan, B., & Renfree, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00197 · Cited by 22
“Previous research (Daniels and Daniels, 1992) indicated that improvements in RE may result in superior running performance due to a reduced energetic cost at submaximal intensities, even amongst athletes with similar VO2max values, suggesting that to some extent it may be possible to compensate for…”
Background
Bioenergetics of Exercising Humans
Brooks, G. A. (2012) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2012.tb00407.x · Cited by 23
“For this reason , comparative physiologists (30, 125) and human physiologists (34) are particularly interested in understanding determinants of the “O 2 cost of transport” and the “economy of movement”; as measures of the metabolic costs of movement parameters are deﬁned as VO 2 /distance and VO 2…”
The Effects of Interval and Continuous Training on the Oxygen Cost of Running in Recreational Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
González‐Mohíno, F., Santos‐Concejero, J., Yustres, I., & González‐Ravé, J. M. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01201-x · Cited by 23
Determinants of performance in 1,500-m runners
Ferri, A., Adamo, S., Torre, A. L., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2251-2 · Cited by 22
“2008), running economy (Daniels and Daniels 1992; Weston et al. 2000; Saunders et al. 2004) and time to exhaustion (Tlim) at _ VO2max (Billat et al.”
Background
Effect of intense interval workouts on running economy using three recovery durations
Zavorsky, G. S., Montgomery, D., & Pearsall, D. J. (1998) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050326 · Cited by 22
“Third, Daniels and Daniels (1992) suggested that RE should be measured at various speeds because e ciency may vary with velocity.”
Background
Sprinting with prosthetic versus biological legs: insight from experimental data
Beck, O. N., Taboga, P., & Grabowski, A. M. (2022) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.211799 · Cited by 21
“42 s: initial race acceleration [11,16], maximum straightaway running velocity [3,17–19], maximum curve running velocity [13,20,21], running velocity at aerobic capacity (vV̇o2peak) [17,22,23] and sprint endurance [10,17,24,25].”
BackgroundMethod
Muscle Injury After Low-Intensity Downhill Running Reduces Running Economy
Baumann, C. W., Green, M. S., Doyle, J. A., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000422 · Cited by 21
“In particular, RE, the energy demand for a given submaximal running velocity, tends to be highly variable among individuals with matched V_ O2max values, making it a strong predictor of performance (15,24,25).”
Background
Economy of Mobility in Older Adults
Davies, M. J., & Dalsky, G. P. (1997) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1997.26.2.69 · Cited by 21
Sex‐based limits to running speed in the human, horse and dog: The role of sexual dimorphisms
Senefeld, J. W., Shepherd, J. R. A., Baker, S. E., & Joyner, M. J. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202100161r · Cited by 20
Relationships between pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and other measures of aerobic fitness in middle- and long-distance runners
Kilding, A. E., Fysh, M., & Winter, E. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0413-z · Cited by 20
“Since MD and LD runners usually differ in terms of the intensity and volume of their training (Costill et al. 1976b; Daniels and Daniels 1992 ), it is possible that this may influence the relationships between _”
Background
Sex‐based differences in track running distances of 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1500m in the 8 and under and 9–10‐year‐old age groups
Brown, G. A., Shaw, B. S., & Shaw, I. (2024) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12075 · Cited by 20
“…the width of the ischium and acetabular regions of the pelvis between males and females before puberty (Leong, 2006), which may contribute to male advantages in running mechanics and efficiency similar to what has been observed in adults (Daniels & Daniels, 1992; Ferber, Davis, & Williams, 2003).”
The Effects of Running 1,200 km Within 17 Days on Body Composition in a Female Ultrarunner—Deutschlandlauf 2007
Knechtle, B., Duff, B., Schulze, I., & Kohler, G. (2008) · Research in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1080/15438620802104120 · Cited by 19
“Daniels and Daniels (1992) demonstrated that men are more economical than women in middle-and long-distance running on the track.”
Background
Relation between 1,500-m running performance and running economy during high-intensity running in well-trained distance runners
Tanji, F., Shirai, Y., Tsuji, T., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.6.41 · Cited by 19
Comparing walking and running in persistence hunting
Hora, M., Pontzer, H., Struška, M., Entin, P. L., & Sládek, V. (2022) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103247 · Cited by 21
“Keeping aerobic capacity constant, individuals with better locomotor economy would travel at lower percentage of their aerobic capacity and hence have greater endurance (Conley and Krahenbuhl, 1980; Daniels and Daniels, 1992).”
Background
The effect of foot orthoses and insoles on running economy and performance in distance runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Crago, D., Bishop, C., & Arnold, J. B. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1651582 · Cited by 18
“…in moderate to highly-trained runners (Conley & Krahenbuhl, 1980; Conley, Krahenbuhl, Burkett, & Millar, 1984; Costill, Thomason, & Roberts, 1973; Daniels & Daniels, 1992; Jones, 2006), and understanding the factors which contribute to RE could prove useful to clinicians, runners and their…”
Background
Muscular strength, aerobic capacity, and adipocytokines in obese youth after resistance training: A pilot study
Shultz, S. P., Dahiya, R., Leong, G. M., ROWLANDS, D. S., Hills, A. P., & Byrne, N. M. (2015) · Australasian Medical Journal · doi:10.4066/amj.2015.2293 · Cited by 17
Physiologic Correlates to Running Performance in Pre-Pubertal Distance Runners
Unnithan, V. B., Timmons, J., Paton, J., et al. (1995) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-973049 · Cited by 17
The Effects of a Marathon Effort on Psychomotor Performance and Catecholamine Concentration in Runners over 50 Years of Age
Chmura, J., Chmura, P., Konefał, M., Batra, A., Mroczek, D., Kosowski, M., Młynarska, K., Andrzejewski, M., Rokita, A., & Ponikowski, P. P. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10062067 · Cited by 16
“runs at the intensity of 75%–84% VO2max, which corresponds to 80%–90% HRmax, and 2–3 mmol/L of blood plasma lactate [5].”
Background
Determination of the velocity associated with &OV0312;O2max
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“Therefore, one should be able to measure V ̇ O2 from the 4th to the 6th minute (17,33) or from the 6th to the 8th minute (18) of a constant-load exercise without effect on the calculated value.”
Background
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“The economy of running or walking represents the relationship between oxygen utilisation and speed of locomotion [8], with a higher economy (lower oxygen cost for a given speed) at event-specific speeds being a better predictor of performance among a group of sub-”
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Rattray, B., & Roberts, A. D. (2011) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.566366 · Cited by 16
“Submaximal results including running economy are important for the assessment of athlete performance (Daniels & Daniels, 1992; Helgerud, 1994; Joyner & Coyle, 2008; McLaughlin et al., 2010).”
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Lim, C., Yoon, J.-R., Jeong, C.-S., & Kim, Y. (2018) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2018.27.1.62 · Cited by 15
“also insisted that VO2max could be a reliable criterion by which overall performance in the events that require endurance could be anticipated [17].”
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Shaw, A. J., Ingham, S. A., & Folland, J. P. (2018) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2018.1449892 · Cited by 14
“It has been proposed that an athlete’s RE varies according to their competitive distance and habitually training velocity (Daniels & Daniels, 1992; Jones & Carter, 2000).”
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“A high exercise economy has been found to differentiate high and low performers in endurance sports (19,21,110), and plyometric training has been found to improve economy, particularly running economy (81,90,106).”
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“Thus, a runner with a better running economy (i.e. lower energetic cost of running) would be expected to outperform runners with a higher energetic cost of running (Daniels & Daniels, 1992).”
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Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Cross-Country: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019
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“Furthermore, it has been widely accepted that physiological variables, such as lactate threshold (LT), onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) and maximal aerobic power (VO2max), are closely related to performance levels (Daniels & Daniels, 1992).”
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Running Economy: Comparison of Body Mass Adjustment Methods
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“However, Daniels and Daniels (1992) reported women to have a 15% lower VO2peak than similarly trained men.”
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“However, males and females with similar training levels have been reported to have similar values for RE (mlO2 km−1 kg−1) (Daniels and Daniels, 1992) and the energy cost of running when running at a similar intensity (Bunc and Heller, 1989).”
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Effects of wearing lower leg compression sleeves on locomotion economy
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“Based purely on physiology, running economy can be determined through the steady-state oxygen consumption at a given running velocity (Daniels & Daniels, 1992).”
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Indexes of power and aerobic capacity obtained in cycle ergometry and treadmill running: comparisons between sedentary, runners, cyclists and triathletes
Caputo, F., Stella, S. G., de Mello, M. T., et al. (2003) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922003000400004 · Cited by 11
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“Daniels and Daniels [17] performed a comparative study of middle-distance runners and marathon runners.”
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The relationship between steeplechase hurdle economy, mechanics, and performance
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“Trained runners are more economical at their specific race pace than at other paces.(6) Much time in the steeplechase is spent between barriers, therefore, good distance running economy will benefit the athlete.”
Background
Body Composition and Gender Differences in Performance
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Short-term changes in 10-km race pace aerobic demand and gait mechanics following a bout of high-intensity distance running
Morgan, D. W., Strohmeyer, H. S., Daniels, J., Beaudoin, C. C., Craib, M. W., Borden, R. A., Greer, P. J., & Burleson, C. (1996) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf02425486 · Cited by 10
Self-citation
Sex‐based differences in shot put, javelin throw, and long jump in 8‐and‐under and 9–10‐year‐old athletes
Brown, G. A., Shaw, B. S., & Shaw, I. (2024) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.12241 · Cited by 9
Comparison and Performance Validation of Calculated and Established Anaerobic Lactate Thresholds in Running
Ji, S., Sommer, A., Bloch, W., & Wahl, P. (2021) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina57101117 · Cited by 14
“In contrast to that, the specialists in longer distances (3000 m—marathon) mostly showed an increased oxygen cost of transport at exercise intensities above 70% of VO2max [48].”
Background
Walking Economy During Cued versus Non-Cued Treadmill Walking in Persons with Parkinson's Disease
Gallo, P. M., McIsaac, T. L., & Garber, C. E. (2013) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-130217 · Cited by 9
“Variability in step length has been shown to result in differences in energy expenditure in healthy adults during running and walking [39, 40].”
Background
Preventing Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis and Errors in Tuberculosis Treatment Around the Globe
Manangan, L. P., & Jarvis, W. R. (2000) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.117.3.620 · Cited by 9
Variation of aerobic performance indices of professional elite soccer players during the annual macrocycle
Bekris, E., Mylonis, E., Gissis, I., Katis, A., METAXAS, T. I., Komsis, S., & Kompodieta, N. (2019) · The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness · doi:10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09800-1 · Cited by 10
Endurance in Long-Distance Swimming and the Use of Nutritional Aids
Miguel‐Ortega, Á., Calleja-González, J., & Mielgo‐Ayuso, J. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16223949 · Cited by 14
“The higher the VO 2max , the easier it is to use oxygen in anaerobic threshold conditions.”
Effect of Muscle-Damaging Eccentric Exercise on Running Kinematics and Economy for Running at Different Intensities
Satkunskienė, D., Stasiulis, A., Zaičenkovienė, K., et al. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000908 · Cited by 8
“Running economy is defined as the energy cost of running at a submaximal velocity (10).”
Background
A Scoping Review of Transgender Policies in the 15 Most Commonly Played UK Professional Sports
McLarnon, M. E. D., Thornton, J. S., Knudson, G., Jones, N. E., Glover, D., Murray, A. D., Cummings, M., & Heron, N. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043568 · Cited by 10
Variáveis fisiológicas e neuromusculares associadas com a performance aeróbia em corredores de endurance: efeitos da distância da prova
de Souza, K. M., Vieira, G., Baldi, M. F., et al. (2011) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922011000100008 · Cited by 8
Runners maintain locomotor–respiratory coupling following isocapnic voluntary hyperpnea to task failure
Stickford, A. S. L., Stickford, J. L., Tanner, D. A., et al. (2015) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-015-3220-y · Cited by 8
“…both ml kg−1 min−1 and ml kg−1 km−1), and (b) the slope of the line relating average V̇O2 (ml kg −1 min−1) vs. running speed (m min−1), using only the first three submaximal running speeds (i.e., 240, 268, and 296 (m min−1) (Daniels and Daniels 1992; Foster and Lucia 2007; Saunders et al. 2004).”
Method
Relação da potência aeróbica máxima e da força muscular com a economia de corrida em atletas de endurance
Guglielmo, L. G. A., Greco, C. C., & Denadai, B. S. (2005) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922005000100006 · Cited by 8
“Some authors have suggested that the inter-individual RE behavior may depend on the velocity analyzed, in other words, more economic athletes at moderate velocities (14-15 km/h) are not necessarily more economic in higher velocities (> 19 km/h)(26).”
Background
Role of locomotor economy in the origin of bipedal posture and gait
Steudel‐Numbers, K. (2001) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.1110 · Cited by 8
“Although one early study reported no difference in the cost/kg of running in human males and females (Mayhew et al., 1979), later work has shown human females to have higher costs/kg to run than their male counterparts (Helgerud et al., 1990; Daniels and Daniels, 1992).”
Commentaries on Viewpoint: Use aerobic energy expenditure instead of oxygen uptake to quantify exercise intensity and predict endurance performance
Barnes, K. R., Kilding, A. E., Blagrove, R. C., Howatson, G., Hayes, P. R., Boone, J., Bourgois, J., Fletcher, J. R., MacIntosh, B. R., González‐Mohíno, F., et al. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00638.2018 · Cited by 8
The Energetic Costs of Uphill Locomotion in Trail Running: Physiological Consequences Due to Uphill Locomotion Pattern—A Feasibility Study
Zimmermann, P., Müller, N., Schöffl, V., Ehrlich, B., Moser, O., & Schöffl, I. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12122070 · Cited by 9
Breathing valve resistance alters physiological responses during a graded exercise test
Kim, S., Homestead, E. P., & Byrnes, W. C. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3922-z · Cited by 7
Runners Adapt Different Lower-Limb Movement Patterns With Respect to Different Speeds and Downhill Slopes
Sundström, D., Kurz, M., & Björklund, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.682401 · Cited by 9
“The mean value of VO2 at V80 in level running of 52.5 ml·kg−1 · min−1 is in line with the values reported for highly trained male runners (mean: 50.6, range: 40.5–66.8 ml·kg−1 · min−1) (Conley and Krahenbuhl, 1980; Daniels and Daniels, 1992; Morgan et al., 1994; Saunders et al., 2004).”
ResultInfluential
The relationship of aerobic and anaerobic power to distance running performance
Tharp, L., Berg, K. E., Latin, R. W., & Stuberg, W. A. (1997) · Sports medicine, training, and rehabilitation/Sports medicine, training and rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/15438629709512084 · Cited by 7
Influence of midsole ‘actuator lugs’ on running economy in trained distance runners
Moran, M. F., & Greer, B. K. (2013) · Footwear Science · doi:10.1080/19424280.2013.792878 · Cited by 7
“RE is generally accepted as the best correlate to distance running performance (Daniels and Daniels 1992).”
Influential
Comparação do ângulo da articulação subtalar durante velocidades submáximas de corrida
Peyré‐Tartaruga, L. A., Tartaruga, M. P., Black, G. L., et al. (2005) · Acta Ortopédica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/s1413-78522005000200001 · Cited by 7
Effect of the chronological age and sexual maturation on the time to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed
Machado, F. A., Guglielmo, L. G. A., & Denadai, B. S. (2007) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 7
Could a female athlete run a 4-minute mile with improved aerodynamic drafting?
da Silva, E. S., Hoogkamer, W., Kipp, S., et al. (2025) · Royal Society Open Science · doi:10.1098/rsos.241564 · Cited by 6
“However, running economy (expressed per kilogram body mass) does not differ substantially between males and females [37].”
The Effects of 3 Weeks Yogic Breathing Practice on Ventilation and Running Economy
SELTMANN, C. L. (2020) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/xhag4754 · Cited by 6
Relationship between 800-m running performance and running economy during high-intensity running in well-trained middle-distance runners
Tanji, F., Tsuji, T., Shimazu, W., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.6.355 · Cited by 6
Relationship between Cardiovascular Drift and Performance in Marathon Running*
Shimazu, W., Takayama, F., Tanji, F., & Nabekura, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.5432/ijshs.202036 · Cited by 6
Medial gastrocnemius muscle–tendon unit ratios of young females and males
Tennler, J., Hahn, D., & Raiteri, B. J. (2022) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111261 · Cited by 6
Marathon Training: Gender and Age Aspects
Reed, J. L., & Gibbs, J. C. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29728-6_7 · Cited by 6
Physiological Demands of Trampolining at Different Intensities
Draper, N., Clement, T., & Alexander, K. (2019) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2019.1651448 · Cited by 7
“Exercise economy, or the efficiency of movement during exercise, contributes heavily to the energy demands on the body (Daniels & Daniels, 1992).”
Background
What is running economy? A clinician's guide to key concepts, applications and myths
Smoliga, J. M. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096159 · Cited by 6
Advanced footwear technology in well-trained athletes: methodological insights from outdoor running
Muñiz-Pardos, B., Angeloudis, K., Zelenkova, I. E., Guppy, F. M., Marco-Contreras, L. A., Gómez‐Bruton, A., Lozano‐Berges, G., Pitsiladis, Y. P., & Casajús, J. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1713902 · Cited by 6
“…inclusion of middle-distance runners within our sample of athletes could also be a confounding factor as these athletes seems to be more economical at faster speeds (i.e., >19 km/h), but have a reduced performance at slower speeds, when compared to long-distance runners (Daniels and Daniels, 1992).”
Allometric exponents for scaling running economy in human samples: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lee, J., Wang, Z., Chen, M., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31211 · Cited by 5

Authors: DANIELS, J., & DANIELS, N.
Affiliations: SUNY Cortland (US)
Venue: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1992-04
Volume: 24
Issue: 4
Pages: 483???489
ISSN: 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1249/00005768-199204000-00015
OpenAlex: W1968795196
Cited by: 345
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 6.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
Keywords: running economy, sex differences, middle-distance runners, long-distance runners, marathon runners, VO2max, heart rate, blood lactate, treadmill running
MeSH terms: Adult, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Lactates, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Running, Sex Characteristics, Skinfold Thickness

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Running economy of elite male and elite female runners

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