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Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation
Abstract
This brief review focuses on the time course of changes in muscle function and other correlates of muscle damage following maximal effort eccentric actions of the forearm flexor muscles. Data on 109 subjects are presented to describe an accurate time course of these changes and attempt to establish relationships among the measures. Peak soreness is experienced 2-3 d postexercise while peak swelling occurs 5 d postexercise. Maximal strength and the ability to fully flex the arm show the greatest decrements immediately after exercise with a linear restoration of these functions over the next 10 d. Blood creatine kinase (CK) levels increase precipitously at 2 d after exercise which is also the time when spontaneous muscle shortening is most pronounced. Whether the similarity in the time courses of some of these responses implies that they are caused by similar factors remains to be determined. Performance of one bout of eccentric exercise produces an adaptation such that the muscle is more resistant to damage from a subsequent bout of exercise. The length of the adaptation differs among the measures such that when the exercise regimens are separated by 6 wk, all measures show a reduction in response on the second, compared with the first, bout. After 10 wk, only CK and muscle shortening show a reduction in response. After 6 months only the CK response is reduced. A combination of cellular factors and neurological factors may be involved in the adaptation process.
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In the citing paper
“Recall that the greatest declines in muscle function occur immediately following eccentric contraction-induced injury, yet markers of muscle damage are not fully apparent until 1–2 days after injury (34, 47, 52).”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“However, there is a dissociation between muscle function and histological markers of muscle damage that disputes the latter causal relationship.”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Humans
Clarkson, P. M., & Hubal, M. J. (2002) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00002060-200211001-00007 · Cited by 1,478
“4).(54) The use of any muscle protein in the blood as a marker of muscle damage, however, is problematic, because blood concentration is a function of what is being produced in the muscle and what is being cleared from the blood.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationStretch-shortening cycle: a powerful model to study normal and fatigued muscle
Komi, P. V. (2000) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(00)00064-6 · Cited by 975
“Eccentric fatigue has, however, been referred to quite extensively previously (e.g. Clarkson et al., 1992; Komi and Nicol, 2000).”
BackgroundThe Mechanisms of Massage and Effects on Performance, Muscle Recovery and Injury Prevention
Weerapong, P., Hume, P. A., & Kolt, G. S. (2005) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200535030-00004 · Cited by 788
Antioxidants: what role do they play in physical activity and health?
Clarkson, P. M., & Thompson, H. S. (2000) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.2.637s · Cited by 687
“For example, the increased efflux of muscle enzymes into the blood (an indication of muscle damage) is reduced on the second bout (81, 82).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEccentric contractions require unique activation strategies by the nervous system
Enoka, R. M. (1996) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1996.81.6.2339 · Cited by 648
“It occurs frequently after the performance of unfamiliar exercises that include eccentric contractions and is attenuated as the exercises are repeated in subsequent sessions (8, 13).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- CLARKSON, P. M., NOSAKA, K., & BRAUN, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1992-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 512???520
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093625864
- Cited by
- 970
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- exercise-induced muscle damage, eccentric exercise, forearm flexor muscles, muscle soreness, muscle swelling, maximal strength, creatine kinase, muscle shortening, recovery time course, neuromuscular factors
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Creatine Kinase, Humans, Movement, Muscle Contraction, Muscles, Tensile Strength, Time Factors, Exercise
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