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Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation
Abstract
This brief review focuses on the time course of changes in muscle function and other correlates of muscle damage following maximal effort eccentric actions of the forearm flexor muscles. Data on 109 subjects are presented to describe an accurate time course of these changes and attempt to establish relationships among the measures. Peak soreness is experienced 2-3 d postexercise while peak swelling occurs 5 d postexercise. Maximal strength and the ability to fully flex the arm show the greatest decrements immediately after exercise with a linear restoration of these functions over the next 10 d. Blood creatine kinase (CK) levels increase precipitously at 2 d after exercise which is also the time when spontaneous muscle shortening is most pronounced. Whether the similarity in the time courses of some of these responses implies that they are caused by similar factors remains to be determined. Performance of one bout of eccentric exercise produces an adaptation such that the muscle is more resistant to damage from a subsequent bout of exercise. The length of the adaptation differs among the measures such that when the exercise regimens are separated by 6 wk, all measures show a reduction in response on the second, compared with the first, bout. After 10 wk, only CK and muscle shortening show a reduction in response. After 6 months only the CK response is reduced. A combination of cellular factors and neurological factors may be involved in the adaptation process.
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“Recall that the greatest declines in muscle function occur immediately following eccentric contraction-induced injury, yet markers of muscle damage are not fully apparent until 1–2 days after injury (34, 47, 52).”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
In the citing paper
“However, there is a dissociation between muscle function and histological markers of muscle damage that disputes the latter causal relationship.”
From Phytoecdysteroids Accelerate Recovery of Skeletal Muscle Function Following in vivo Eccentric Contraction-Induced Injury in Adult and Old Mice (2021) · cites this paper as [52]
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LaStayo, P. C., Woolf, J. M., Lewek, M. D., Snyder‐Mackler, L., Reich, T. E., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2003) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2003.33.10.557 · Cited by 404
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Hody, S., Croisier, J., Bury, T., Rogister, B., & Leprince, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.00536 · Cited by 475
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Self-citationChanges in indicators of inflammation after eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors
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Self-citationVariability in Muscle Size and Strength Gain After Unilateral Resistance Training
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“Reduced heavy-light filament overlap resulting in decreased contractile force[160] Macrophage/monocyte activation, mainly for regenerative role[147,161]”
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BackgroundEffectiveness of post-match recovery strategies in rugby players: Figure 1
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How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last?
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“A large intersubject variability in plasma CK response and changes in other indicators of muscle damage after eccentric exercise is well recognized (5,18); however, the explanation for this phenomenon is not clear.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citation(2005) · PubMed · Cited by 354
Self-citationCellular adaptation to repeated eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage
Stupka, N., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Yardley, N. J., & Phillips, S. M. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.4.1669 · Cited by 279
“34) and range of motion (7, 8), remains largely unstudied in humans.”
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“The temporal pattern diþ ers from the delayed response (2 days) and peak (4± 7 days) observed after high force eccentric exercise (Newham et al., 1987; Clarkson et al., 1992; Byrne et al., 2001).”
BackgroundThe involvement of the ubiquitin proteasome system in human skeletal muscle remodelling and atrophy
Murton, A. J., Constantin, D., & Greenhaff, P. L. (2008) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2008.10.011 · Cited by 286
Eccentric Exercise: Physiological Characteristics and Acute Responses
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Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Kuipers, H. (1994) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-2007-1021034 · Cited by 256
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Zainuddin, Z., Newton, M., Sacco, P., & Nosaka, K. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 246
Self-citationThe effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on maximal intensity intermittent exercise performance
Twist, C., & Eston, R. G. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-005-1357-9 · Cited by 245
“…associated with high force eccentric exercise, which demonstrates more of a delayed response peaking at 4 – 7 days after exercise (Newham et al. 1987; Clarkson et al. 1992; Byrne et al. 2001) Maximal intensity exercise performance In the presence of muscle damage, the ability to generate peak…”
Diagnostic evaluation of rhabdomyolysis
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“6–10 days.(12,13) Given that not all patients present within 24 hours of muscle damage, measurement of CK levels may provide the most reliable biochemical marker of rhabdomyolysis and its severity.”
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“It is well documented that eccentric muscle actions are associated with muscle damage (Clarkson et al. 1992).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDoes Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Play a Role in Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy?
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31824f207e · Cited by 258
Comparison in eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage among four limb muscles
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“To the best of our knowledge, no previous study reported changes in muscle damage markers following eccentric exercise of EE, although many studies used EF (e.g. Byrne et al. 2004; Clarkson and Hubal 2002; Clarkson et al. 1992; Hirose et al. 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationManipulating Resistance Training Program Variables to Optimize Maximum Strength in Men: A Review
TAN, B. (1999) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-199908000-00019 · Cited by 154
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“When a second bout of exercise is performed several weeks later, most of the muscle damage, previously observed after the first bout, is attenuated or does not appear (Clarkson & Tremblay, 1988; Clarkson et al. 1992; Mair et al. 1995).”
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“…was not present initially, but developed within 24 h, as measured by tenderness in the relaxed muscle (e.g. Schwane et al. 1983; Jones et al. 1986; Ebbeling & Clarkson, 1989; Clarkson et al. 1992; Howell et al. 1993; Weerakkody et al. 2003) and also by pain evoked by voluntary contractions.”
BackgroundEvaluation of muscle damage after a rugby match with special reference to tackle plays
Takarada, Y. (2003) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.37.5.416 · Cited by 218
Metabolic Consequences of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage
Tee, J. C., Bosch, A. N., & Lambert, M. (2007) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200737100-00001 · Cited by 219
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Biomarkers of muscle and cartilage damage and inflammation during a 200 km run
Kim, H. J., Lee, Y. H., & Kim, C. K. (2007) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0362-y · Cited by 217
“Plasma CPK is a marker signifying muscle injury arising from myoWbrillar disruption (Clarkson et al. 1992; Kuipers 1994; Noakes 1987).”
BackgroundACTN3 and MLCK genotype associations with exertional muscle damage
Clarkson, P. M., Hoffman, E. P., Zambraski, E. J., Gordish‐Dressman, H., Kearns, A. K., Hubal, M. J., Harmon, B. T., & Devaney, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00130.2005 · Cited by 217
Self-citationIntensity of eccentric exercise, shift of optimum angle, and the magnitude of repeated-bout effect
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“A BOUT OF ECCENTRIC EXERCISE confers protection against skeletal muscle damage following a subsequent bout of the same or similar exercise performed several weeks to several months later (7, 16, 21).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMuscle Coordination Is Habitual Rather than Optimal
de Rugy, A., Loeb, G. E., & Carroll, T. J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5792-11.2012 · Cited by 221
“Exercise-induced muscle damage can lead to large, temporary force decrements, but full recovery of force occurs within 2–3 weeks (Clarkson et al., 1992).”
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Effect of elbow joint angle on the magnitude of muscle damage to the elbow flexors
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“, creatine kinase: CK, myoglobin) in the blood, development of muscle soreness, and abnormality in magnetic resonance or ultrasound images, are also used to demonstrate damage (5,24,25).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNédélec, M., McCall, A., Carling, C., Legall, F., Berthoin, S., & Dupont, G. (2012) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf03262308 · Cited by 446
“Muscle damage is ascribed to mechanical disruption of the fibre, including membrane damage, myofibrillar disruptions characterized by myofillament disorganization and loss of Z-disk integrity,([43]) while subsequent damage is linked to inflammatory processes and to changes in excitation-contraction coupling within mus…”
Compression garments and recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage: a meta-analysis
Hill, J., Howatson, G., van Someren, K. A., Leeder, J., & Pedlar, C. R. (2013) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092456 · Cited by 209
Alternating hot and cold water immersion for athlete recovery: a review
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“Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) usually transpires 24–48 h post exercise with symptoms consisting of tender, stiff and sore muscles (Clarkson et al., 1992).”
Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage and the Potential Protective Role of Estrogen
Kendall, B., & Eston, R. G. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232020-00003 · Cited by 206
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“The combination of mechanical and metabolic stress has been shown to increase the potential for muscle damage, and it also appears to be a potent stimulus for inducing muscle hypertrophy and strength increases (Clarkson et al. 1992; Toigo and Boutellier 2006).”
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Circulating microRNA-126 increases after different forms of endurance exercise in healthy adults
Uhlemann, M., Möbius‐Winkler, S., Fikenzer, S., Adam, J., Redlich, M., Möhlenkamp, S., Hilberg, T., Schuler, G. C., & Adams, V. (2012) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487312467902 · Cited by 205
“These data are in accordance with the measurement of CPK activity, which has been used to detect cell damage after a marathon race.(44) In addition electronmicroscopic images from muscle biopsies taken shortly after a marathon run showed myofibrillar lysis, dilatation and disruption of the T-tubular system Pre Post 1…”
MethodOnce-Daily Dosing in Dogs Optimizes Daptomycin Safety
Oleson, F. B., Berman, C. L., Kirkpatrick, J. B., Regan, K. S., Lai, J., & Tally, F. P. (2000) · Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1128/aac.44.11.2948-2953.2000 · Cited by 196
“The decrease in serum CPK activities after 8 days of treatment is consistent with skeletal-muscle adaptation associated with repeated exercise (3).”
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“This process has been referred to as exercise-induced muscle damage (Hyldahl and Hubal 2014; Peake et al. 2005) and is normally accompanied by swelling, and a temporary reduction in both maximum strength and range of motion (Baird et al. 2012; Brown et al. 1999; Clarkson et al. 1992).”
BackgroundKrššák, M., Petersen, K. F., Bergeron, R., Price, T. B., Laurent, D., Rothman, D. L., Roden, M., & Shulman, G. I. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.2.6354 · Cited by 195
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“3, 5). Changes in these markers of muscle injury are reduced after a second bout of lengthening contractions, indicating an adaptation that protects skeletal muscle from subsequent injury ( 3 , 10, 21, 25, 26, 32).”
BackgroundBiochemical and Endocrine Responses to Impact and Collision During Elite Rugby League Match Play
McLellan, C. P., Lovell, D. I., & Gass, G. C. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181db9bdd · Cited by 179
“Increases in the concentration of muscle enzymes such as CK in the blood are indicative of increased skeletal muscle membrane permeability and suggestive of skeletal muscle damage (3).”
BackgroundResultExercise-induced muscle damage: mechanism, assessment and nutritional factors to accelerate recovery
Markus, I., Constantini, K., Hoffman, J. R., Bartolomei, S., & Gepner, Y. (2021) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-020-04566-4 · Cited by 206
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“In addition, eccentric training induces adaptive changes in the muscle, which may reduce future tissue damage and pain (Clarkson et al. 1992; Fride´n et al. 1983a; Hortobágyi et al. 1996).”
BackgroundPasiakos, S. M., Lieberman, H. R., & McLellan, T. M. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-013-0137-7 · Cited by 178
Koh, T. J., & Escobedo, J. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00341.2003 · Cited by 177
Chronic eccentric exercise: improvements in muscle strength can occur with little demand for oxygen
LaStayo, P. C., Reich, T. E., Urquhart, M. R., Hoppeler, H. H., & Lindstedt, S. L. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.2.r611 · Cited by 171
Antioxidants and physical performance
Clarkson, P. M. (1995) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408399509527692 · Cited by 169
Self-citationThe Influence of Caffeine Supplementation on Resistance Exercise: A Review
Grgić, J., Mikulić, P., Schoenfeld, B. J., Bishop, D. J., & Pedišić, Ž. (2018) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-018-0997-y · Cited by 179
“Exercise-induced muscle damage commonly brings about DOMS, which can be defined as the pain felt upon palpation or movement of the affected tissue [73].”
BackgroundEffects of long-term exercise on the biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon of guinea fowl
Buchanan, C. I., & Marsh, R. L. (2001) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.90.1.164 · Cited by 166
Newton, M. J., Morgan, G. T., Sacco, P., Chapman, D. W., & Nosaka, K. (2008) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181660003 · Cited by 165
“For example, the torque loss experienced by the trained group immediately following the exercise showed a greater magnitude of protection compared to some of the ‘‘repeated bout’’ studies using maximal eccentric exercise in each bout (5,6,22).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationAssessment of muscle fatigue after an ultra-endurance triathlon using tensiomyography (TMG)
Manso, J. M. G., Ruiz, D. R., Rodríguez-Matoso, D., de, Y., Montesdeoca, S. S., & Quiroga, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2010.548822 · Cited by 164
Gene shifting: a novel therapy for mitochondrial myopathy
Taivassalo, T. (1999) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/8.6.1047 · Cited by 160
“Although the CK response to exercise-induced injury shows large inter-subject variability (19), peak values after one bout of high force eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors generally range from 1000 to 10 000 U/l and values of 6000 U/l and higher have been reported 2 days post-exercise (19,20).”
BackgroundConcentric or eccentric training effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage
Nosaka, K., & Newton, M. J. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200201000-00011 · Cited by 162
Self-citationEccentric exercise effect on blood oxidative-stress markers and delayed onset of muscle soreness
Lee, J., Goldfarb, A. H., Rescino, M. H., et al. (2002) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200203000-00010 · Cited by 161
Eston, R. G., Mickleborough, J., & Baltzopoulos, V (1995) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.29.2.89 · Cited by 161
Braun, W. A., & Dutto, D. J. (2003) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0857-8 · Cited by 158
“Loss of force-generating power or torque has commonly been reported to be compromised within 2 h of the damaging bout of exercise (MacIntyre et al. 1996; Rodenburg et al. 1993; Sorichter et al. 1995), whereas creatine kinase concentrations have been found to peak anywhere from 1 (Koskinen et al. 2001) to 4 days W. A.…”
BackgroundInfluentialHorita, T., Komi, P. V., Nicol, C., & Kyr�l�inen, H. (1999) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050490 · Cited by 153
“It has been shown that eccentric muscle action induces structural damage in animal (Armstrong et al. 1983; Lieber et al. 1996; McCully and Faulkner 1985; Warren et al. 1993) as well as in human muscles ( Clarkson et al. 1992; Fride´ n et al. 1983; Jones et al. 1986; Newham et al. 1987; Schwane et al. 1983).”
BackgroundMarginson, V., Rowlands, A. V., Gleeson, N., & Eston, R. G. (2005) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01193.2004 · Cited by 153
“The results for the men confirm that the eccentric exercise protocol was sufficient to induce damage because the symptoms experienced were of a similar severity to those reported in the literature and showed the expected temporal pattern (8, 13, 27, 43).”
BackgroundResultEston, R. G., Finney, S., Baker, S., et al. (1996) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640419608727714 · Cited by 153
Yin, F., Siemionow, V., Sahgal, V., Xiong, F., & Yue, G. H. (2004) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.035 · Cited by 148
The Effects of Compression Garments on Recovery
Davies, V., Thompson, K., & Cooper, S. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181b42589 · Cited by 150
“(8), however, found that peak swelling occurred 5 days postexercise.”
BackgroundMechanisms of Hamstring Strain Injury: Interactions between Fatigue, Muscle Activation and Function
Huygaerts, S., Cos, F., Cohen, D. D., et al. (2020) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports8050065 · Cited by 150
“The exercise-induced muscle damage and its sequelae can reduce physical performance for up to several days [30] and are suggested to be a principle cause of the residual fatigue observed in soccer players following competition [27].”
BackgroundStožer, A., Vodopivc, P., & Bombek, L. K. (2020) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.934371 · Cited by 182
MR measurements of muscle damage and adaptation after eccentric exercise
Foley, J. M., Jayaraman, R. C., Prior, B. M., Pivarnik, J. M., & Meyer, R. A. (1999) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1999.87.6.2311 · Cited by 149
Torres, R., Ribeiro, F., Duarte, J. A., & Cabri, J. (2011) · Physical Therapy in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.07.005 · Cited by 146
Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Reduces Muscle Pain Caused by Eccentric Exercise
Black, C. D., Herring, M. P., Hurley, D. J., & O’Connor, P. J. (2010) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.12.013 · Cited by 143
Stretchable ultrasonic arrays for the three-dimensional mapping of the modulus of deep tissue
Hu, H., Ma, Y., Gao, X., Song, D., Li, M., Huang, H., Qian, X., Wu, R. S., Shi, K., Ding, H., et al. (2023) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-023-01038-w · Cited by 161
“4) 78 .”
The Effects of Three Modalities on Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Weber, M. D., Servedio, F. J., & Woodall, W. R. (1994) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1994.20.5.236 · Cited by 145
Effects of a 7-day eccentric training period on muscle damage and inflammation
Chen, T. C., & Hsieh, S. S. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200110000-00018 · Cited by 134
“Although Clarkson et al.(9) and Croisier et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialCompression Garments and Recovery from Exercise: A Meta-Analysis
Brown, F. C. W., Gissane, C., Howatson, G., van Someren, K. A., Pedlar, C. R., & Hill, J. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0728-9 · Cited by 151
“Strength production may be impaired for up to 10 days [27, 28], while EIMD is also associated with both swelling and DOMS, which typically peak between 36 and 48 h [19].”
BackgroundMaximal-intensity isometric and dynamic exercise performance after eccentric muscle actions
Byrne, C., & Eston, R. G. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102321011706 · Cited by 136
“The reductions in peak power following the initial (1 h) decrement occurred during the typical arrival and peak (24± 48 h) of delayed-onset muscle soreness (Clarkson et al., 1992), which also accompanies muscle damage.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialYu, J., Malm, C., & Thornell, L. (2002) · Histochemistry and Cell Biology · doi:10.1007/s00418-002-0423-1 · Cited by 134
“…of muscle damage are myofibrillar disruption (Z-line streaming; Friden et al. 1983; Friden and Lieber 1998), prolonged loss of muscle strength (Clarkson et al. 1992; Gibala et al. 1995), decrements in motor control (Miles et al. 1997; Pearce et al. 1998; Leger and Milner 2001), changes in…”
BackgroundRate of force development as a measure of muscle damage
Peñailillo, L., Blazevich, A. J., Numazawa, H., & Nosaka, K. (2014) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12241 · Cited by 134
“Exercise involving eccentric (lengthening) contractions results in muscle damage, especially when performed without previous exposure (Friden et al., 1983; Clarkson et al., 1992; Stupka et al., 2001; Paulsen et al., 2009; Raastad et al., 2010; Chen et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFatouros, I., & Jamurtas, A. (2016) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s114635 · Cited by 116
“In contrast to muscle strength loss, DOMS demonstrates a moderate to low correlation with histological evidence of EIMD probably due to a significant variability of subjects.(73) DOMS is attributed to muscle fiber disruption, disturbance of calcium homeostasis, and firing of IV nerves in response to various inflammato…”
Radak, Z. O., Pucsok, J. M., Mecseki, S., Csont, T., & Ferdinandy, P. (1999) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00309-8 · Cited by 135
Perspectives on Exertional Rhabdomyolysis
Rawson, E. S., Clarkson, P. M., & Tarnopolsky, M. A. (2017) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0689-z · Cited by 133
“laboratory setting [42, 46, 47, 56, 62, 63], it is likely that”
BackgroundSelf-citationMuscle damage and muscle remodeling: no pain, no gain?
Flann, K. L., LaStayo, P. C., McClain, D. A., Hazel, M., & Lindstedt, S. L. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.050112 · Cited by 133
“The damage to the contractile proteins usually leads to a loss of strength (maximal isometric force) (Clarkson et al., 1992).”
BackgroundWarren, G. L., Ingalls, C. P., Lowe, D. A., & Armstrong, R. B. (2002) · Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.2002.32.2.58 · Cited by 128
Glucocorticoid-Induced Muscle Atrophy
LaPier, T. K. (1997) · Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00008483-199703000-00002 · Cited by 127
Metadata
- Authors
- CLARKSON, P. M., NOSAKA, K., & BRAUN, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 1992-05
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 512???520
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093625864
- Cited by
- 970
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 45
- FWCI
- 13.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- exercise-induced muscle damage, eccentric exercise, forearm flexor muscles, muscle soreness, muscle swelling, maximal strength, creatine kinase, muscle shortening, recovery time course, neuromuscular factors
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Creatine Kinase, Humans, Movement, Muscle Contraction, Muscles, Tensile Strength, Time Factors, Exercise
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