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Cited by 32Winter Sports Injuries and PerformanceSports Performance and TrainingCardiovascular and exercise physiology

Comparison of Exclusive Double Poling to Classic Techniques of Cross-country Skiing

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STÖGGL, THOMAS, OHTONEN, OLLI, TAKEDA, MASAKI, MIYAMOTO, NAOTO, SNYDER, CORY, LEMMETTYLÄ, TEEMU, LINNAMO, VESA, LINDINGER, STEFAN JOSEF·2019·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1249/mss.0000000000001840PMC PMC6430595
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Abstract

Introduction: This study aimed to 1) determine basic physiological demands during a simulated on-snow cross-country skiing (XCS) race when using grip-waxed skis (all classic XCS techniques [CLASSIC]), versus glide-waxed skis for exclusive double poling (DP) and 2) analyze in which track sections DP is different from CLASSIC under controlled gliding conditions in elite junior and senior skiers. Methods: Nineteen male and female elite XC skiers performed 1) two randomized simulated XCS races over 5.3 km using DP or CLASSIC measuring section times, V˙O 2 , HR, blood lactate, and RPE; and 2) V˙O 2peak tests using diagonal stride and DP on treadmill. Results: The total group showed no differences in performance or physiological responses between DP and CLASSIC. Elite male skiers achieved improved (~23 s, P < 0.05), male juniors equal ( P > 0.05) and females worse (~43 s, P < 0.05) performance with DP versus CLASSIC. Flat and undulating terrain favored DP in men, whereas uphill favored CLASSIC in females (~60 s). Uphill sections showed the greatest group differences. Greater RPE was found in the arms during DP, whereas RPE was greater in the legs using CLASSIC. V˙O 2peak in DP was ~95% of V˙O 2max . Conclusions: Male skiers demonstrated superior performance with exclusively using DP on a Fédération International de Ski regulation-compliant XCS track, whereas junior males achieved similar, and females’ weaker performance using DP versus CLASSIC. The greatest potential in females is in uphill sections where they distinctly lose time. Exclusive DP might only be beneficial in athletes with high upper-body capacity, and double-pole–specific training and technique. To generalize the findings of the current study, further analysis of snow conditions and course topography is required.

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  • Double poling imposes distinct metabolic loads on specific muscle groups, altering cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular demands, reinforcing cross-country skiing's status as a whole-body endurance model that taxes both central O2 delivery and peripheral metabolic energy turnover.

    “However, this also imposes distinct metabolic loads on specific muscle group—particularly in double poling, which alters cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular demands, reinforcing the sport's status as a whole‐body endurance model that taxes both central O2 delivery and challenge peripheral metabolic energy turnover [19, 29].”

    From Carbohydrate Storage and Supplementation Strategies for Peak Performance in Cross-Country Skiing (2026) · cites this paper as [29]

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. [31]Sharkey BJ Training for Cross-country Ski Racing: A Physiological Guide for Athletes and Coaches. Editor HK, editor. Champaign, IL; 1984 pp. 210.
  2. [35]Nilsson J Jakobsen V Tveit P Eikrehagen O Pole length and ground reaction forces during maximal double poling in skiing. Sports Biomech. 2003; 2(2): 227– 36. 14737930

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Authors
STÖGGL, T., OHTONEN, O., TAKEDA, M., MIYAMOTO, N., SNYDER, C., LEMMETTYLÄ, T., LINNAMO, V., & LINDINGER, S. J.
Affiliations
  • University of Salzburg (AT)
  • University of Jyväskylä (FI)
  • Doshisha University (JP)
  • New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University (JP)
ORCID
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2019-04
Volume
51
Issue
4
Pages
760-772
ISSN
  • 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
  • 1530-0315
DOI
10.1249/mss.0000000000001840
PMC
PMC6430595
OpenAlex
W2899834076
Cited by
31
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3
FWCI
2.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (16K01648)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Winter Sports Injuries and Performance
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
Keywords
cross-country skiing, double poling, oxygen consumption, heart rate, blood lactate, rating of perceived exertion, sex differences
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Arm, Biomechanical Phenomena, Competitive Behavior, Physical Exertion, Female, Humans, Leg, Male, Motor Skills, Oxygen Consumption, Perception, Skiing, Muscle, Skeletal, Sports Equipment, Athletic Performance, Young Adult

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