Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 39

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Chronic Exposure to Low-Dose Carbon Monoxide Alters Hemoglobin Mass and V˙O2max

SCHMIDT, WALTER F. J., HOFFMEISTER, TORBEN, HAUPT, SANDRA, SCHWENKE, DIRK, WACHSMUTH, NADINE B., BYRNES, WILLIAM C.·2020·Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
DOI 10.1249/mss.0000000000002330
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

By blocking the oxygen binding sites on the hemoglobin molecule, chronic low-dose carbon monoxide (CO) administration may produce similar effects to those of exposure to altitude. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the effect of chronic low-dose CO application on hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and V˙O 2max . Methods: For 3 wk, 11 healthy and moderately trained male subjects inhaled a CO bolus five times per day to increase their HbCO concentration by ~5%. Another 11 subjects received a placebo. Hbmass, serum erythropoietin concentration, ferritin, and basic hematological parameters were determined before and weekly during and until 3 wk after the CO inhalation period. V˙O 2max tests on a cycle ergometer were performed before and after the CO administration period. Results: In the CO group, Hbmass increased from 919 ± 69 to 962 ± 78 g in week 3 ( P < 0.001) and was maintained for the following 3 wk. Reticulocytes (%) and immature reticulocyte fraction significantly increased after 1 wk. Serum erythropoietin concentration tended to increase after 1 wk ( P = 0.07) and was suppressed in the postperiod ( P < 0.01). Ferritin decreased during the inhalation period (from 106 ± 37 to 72 ± 37 ng·mL −1 , P < 0.001). V˙O 2max tended to increase from 4230 ± 280 to 4350 ± 350 mL·min −1 ( P < 0.1) immediately after the inhalation period and showed a significant relationship to the change in Hbmass ( y = 4.1 x − 73.4, r = 0.70, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Chronic continuous exposure to low-dose CO enhances erythropoietic processes resulting in a 4.8% increase in Hbmass. The individual changes in Hbmass were correlated to the corresponding changes in V˙O 2max . Examination of ethical and safety concerns is warranted before the implementation of low-dose CO inhalation in the clinical/athletic setting as a tool for modifying Hbmass.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1249/mss.0000000000002330

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

12 more claims about this paper

Create a free account to see every claim other papers make about this one.

See all claims — free account

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 2 references

Research works printed but not linked: 41

  1. 2015, Pharmacology of the ‘gasotransmitters’ NO, CO and H2S: translational opportunities, Br J Pharmacol, 172, 1395, 10.1111/bph.13005 · DOI
  2. 2015, CO and CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs) in acute gastrointestinal inflammation, Br J Pharmacol, 172, 1557, 10.1111/bph.12632 · DOI
  3. 2015, The HO-1/CO system regulates mitochondrial-capillary density relationships in human skeletal muscle, Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol, 309, L857, 10.1152/ajplung.00104.2015 · DOI · Paper page
  4. 2010, The therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide, Nat Rev Drug Discov, 9, 728, 10.1038/nrd3228 · DOI
  5. 2005, The optimised CO-rebreathing method: a new tool to determine total haemoglobin mass routinely, Eur J Appl Physiol, 95, 486, 10.1007/s00421-005-0050-3 · DOI · Paper page
  6. 2007, Loss of CO from the intravascular bed and its impact on the optimised CO-rebreathing method, Eur J Appl Physiol, 100, 383, 10.1007/s00421-007-0439-2 · DOI
  7. 2016, Acute, low-dose CO inhalation does not alter energy expenditure during submaximal exercise, Int J Sports Med, 37, 19
  8. 2016, Ten days of intermittent, low-dose carbon monoxide inhalation does not significantly alter hemoglobin mass, aerobic performance predictors, or peak-power exercise tolerance, Int J Sports Med, 37, 884, 10.1055/s-0042-108197 · DOI · Paper page
  9. 2010, Regulated oxygen sensing by protein hydroxylation in renal erythropoietin-producing cells, Am J Physiol Renal Physiol, 298, F1287, 10.1152/ajprenal.00736.2009 · DOI
  10. 2019, Smoking and increased white and red blood cells, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 39, 965, 10.1161/ATVBAHA.118.312338 · DOI
  11. 2003, Second-generation blood tests to detect erythropoietin abuse by athletes, Haematologica, 88, 333
  12. 2004, Sample sizes for clinical trials with normal data, Stat Med, 23, 1921, 10.1002/sim.1783 · DOI · Paper page
  13. 2016, Diurnal changes of arterial oxygen saturation and erythropoietin concentration in male and female highlanders, Physiol Rep, 4
  14. 2010, Recurrent carbon monoxide poisoning from cigarette smoking, Am J Med Sci, 340, 427, 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181ef712d · DOI
  15. 1990, Blood gas transport properties in endurance-trained athletes living at different altitudes, Int J Sports Med, 11, 15, 10.1055/s-2007-1024755 · DOI
  16. 2019, Modelling the relationships between haemoglobin oxygen affinity and the oxygen cascade in humans, J Physiol, 597, 4193, 10.1113/JP277591 · DOI
  17. 2013, The effects of classic altitude training on hemoglobin mass in swimmers, Eur J Appl Physiol, 113, 1199, 10.1007/s00421-012-2536-0 · DOI
  18. 2011, The contribution of haemoglobin mass to increases in cycling performance induced by simulated LHTL, Eur J Appl Physiol, 111, 1089, 10.1007/s00421-010-1732-z · DOI
  19. 2016, Time for a new metric for hypoxic dose?, J Appl Physiol (1985), 121, 352, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00579.2015 · DOI · Paper page
  20. 1990, Triggering of erythropoietin production by hypoxia is inhibited by respiratory and metabolic acidosis, Am J Physiol, 258, R678
  21. 1978, Human llamas: adaptation to altitude in subjects with high hemoglobin oxygen affinity, J Clin Invest, 62, 593, 10.1172/JCI109165 · DOI · Paper page
  22. 1991, The effects of cigarette smoking upon hematological adaptations to moderately high altitude living, J Wild Med, 2, 274, 10.1580/0953-9859-2.4.274 · DOI
  23. 2012, No change in hemoglobin mass after 40 days of physical activity in previously untrained adults, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 22, 722, 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01310.x · DOI
  24. 2008, Training in hypoxia and its effects on skeletal muscle tissue, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 38
  25. 2006, Increased serum erythropoietin but not red cell production after 4 wk of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (4,000–5,500 m), J Appl Physiol (1985), 101, 1386, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00342.2006 · DOI
  26. 2008, Effects of various training modalities on blood volume, Scand J Med Sci Sports, 57
  27. 2017, Quantitative model of hematologic and plasma volume responses after ascent and acclimation to moderate to high altitudes, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 312, R265, 10.1152/ajpregu.00225.2016 · DOI
  28. 2019, Erythropoietic effects of low-dose cobalt application, Drug Test Anal, 11, 200, 10.1002/dta.2478 · DOI
  29. 2012, Short-term hematological effects upon completion of a four-week simulated altitude camp, Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 7, 79, 10.1123/ijspp.7.1.79 · DOI
  30. 2018, Effects of 3 weeks of oral low-dose cobalt on hemoglobin mass and aerobic performance, Front Physiol, 9, 1289, 10.3389/fphys.2018.01289 · DOI
  31. 2015, Monitoring recovery from iron deficiency using total hemoglobin mass, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 47, 419, 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000420 · DOI
  32. 2015, Adaptation of iron requirement to hypoxic conditions at high altitude, J Appl Physiol (1985), 119, 1432, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00248.2015 · DOI
  33. 2011, Predictive value of immature reticulocyte and platelet fractions in hematopoietic recovery of allograft patients, Transplant Proc, 43, 241, 10.1016/j.transproceed.2010.12.030 · DOI
  34. 1994, rh-erythropoietin stimulates immature reticulocyte release in man, Br J Haematol, 87, 605, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb08320.x · DOI
  35. 2014, Monitoring of biological markers indicative of doping: the athlete biological passport, Br J Sports Med, 48, 827, 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093512 · DOI
  36. 2010, Impact of alterations in total hemoglobin mass on VO2max, Exerc Sport Sci Rev, 38, 68, 10.1097/JES.0b013e3181d4957a · DOI · Paper page
  37. 2013, Relationship between changes in haemoglobin mass and maximal oxygen uptake after hypoxic exposure, Br J Sports Med, 47, i26
  38. 2013, L’ultima frontiera del doping? Una boccata di gas tossico, Corriere della Sera
  39. 2000, Carbon monoxide poisoning—a public health perspective, Toxicology, 145, 1, 10.1016/S0300-483X(99)00217-6 · DOI · Paper page
  40. 1975, Predicting the carboxyhemoglobin levels resulting from carbon monoxide exposures, J Appl Physiol, 39, 633, 10.1152/jappl.1975.39.4.633 · DOI
  41. 1991, Schlamm in den Adern [Mud in the veins], Der Spiegel, 24, 191

Cited by

See all 39

Metadata

Authors
SCHMIDT, W. F. J., HOFFMEISTER, T., HAUPT, S., SCHWENKE, D., WACHSMUTH, N. B., & BYRNES, W. C.
Affiliations
  • Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, GERMANY
  • Institute of Doping Analysis und Sports Biochemistry, University of Dresden, GERMANY
  • Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO
Venue
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2020-02-29
Volume
52
Issue
9
Pages
1879-1887
ISSN
  • 1530-0315
  • 0195-9131
DOI
10.1249/mss.0000000000002330
Cited by
39
References
2
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Chronic Exposure to Low-Dose Carbon Monoxide Alters Hemoglobin Mass and V˙O2max. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1249/mss.0000000000002330
The paper
SCHMIDT, W. F. J., HOFFMEISTER, T., HAUPT, S., SCHWENKE, D., WACHSMUTH, N. B., & BYRNES, W. C. (2020). Chronic Exposure to Low-Dose Carbon Monoxide Alters Hemoglobin Mass and V˙O2max. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002330

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.