The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 41 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Plants and Productivity in International Trade
Abstract
We reconcile trade theory with plant-level export behavior, extending the Ricardian model to accommodate many countries, geographic barriers, and imperfect competition. Our model captures qualitatively basic facts about U.S. plants: (i) productivity dispersion, (ii) higher productivity among exporters, (iii) the small fraction who export, (iv) the small fraction earned from exports among exporting plants, and (v) the size advantage of exporters. Fitting the model to bilateral trade among the United States and 46 major trade partners, we examine the impact of globalization and dollar appreciation on productivity, plant entry and exit, and labor turnover in U.S. manufacturing.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Trade liberalization can increase productivity by inducing a better allocation of production factors or the adoption of more advanced technologies.”
From Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading: Evidence on the Impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian Firms (2011) · cites this paper as Andrew B. Bernard et al. 2003
In the citing paper
“trade integration reallocates market shares towards exporters, the most productive firms, increasing aggregate productivity.”
From Trade Liberalization, Exports, and Technology Upgrading: Evidence on the Impact of MERCOSUR on Argentinian Firms (2011) · cites this paper as Andrew B. Bernard et al. 2003
Citations
Cites
MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION AND OPTIMUM PRODUCT DIVERSITYPreprint
Dixit, A., & Stiglitz, J. E. (1975) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.268957 · Cited by 7,394
(2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.7.i · Cited by 7,275
The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry
Olley, G. S., & Pakes, A. (1992) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/2171831 · Cited by 7,142
Technology, Geography, and Trade
Eaton, J., & Kortum, S. (2002) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00352 · Cited by 4,485
Self-citationExport Versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms
Helpman, E., Melitz, M. J., & Yeaple, S. R. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282804322970814 · Cited by 4,090
Increasing returns, monopolistic competition, and international trade
Krugman, P. (1979) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/0022-1996(79)90017-5 · Cited by 3,914
Market Size, Trade, and Productivity
Melitz, M. J., & OTTAVIANO, G. I. P. (2005) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-937x.2007.00463.x · Cited by 3,042
Quality Ladders in the Theory of Growth
Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1989) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.2307/2298044 · Cited by 2,545
International Technology Diffusion
Keller, W. (2004) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/0022051042177685 · Cited by 2,344
Is Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-Dynamic Evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco
Clerides, S. K., Lach, S., & Tybout, J. R. (1998) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355398555784 · Cited by 2,272
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Dixit Avinash K, 1977, American Economic Review, 67, 297
- Dornbusch Fischer, 1977, American Economic Review, 67, 823
- Klette Tor Jakob, 1996, July-, 11, 343
- Roberts Mark J, 1997, American Economic Review, 87, 545
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,000
Subsidies with export share requirements in China
Fabrice Defever, A., & Riaño, A. (2016) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.12.003 · Cited by 81
Subsidies for FDI: Implications from a model with heterogeneous firms
Chor, D. (2009) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2009.01.013 · Cited by 81
Internationalisation and Economic Performance of Enterprises: Evidence from Polish Firm‐level Data
Hagemejer, J., & Kolasa, M. (2011) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2010.01294.x · Cited by 104
Solving the Elasticity Puzzle in International Economics
Ruhl, K. J. (2003) · Cited by 80
Imports and TFP at the firm level: the role of absorptive capacity
Augier, P., Cadot, O., & Dovis, M. (2013) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12034 · Cited by 80
Establishment heterogeneity, exporter dynamics, and the effects of trade liberalization
Alessandria, G. A., & Choi, H. (2014) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.08.006 · Cited by 80
The Unofficial Economy and Economic DevelopmentPreprint
Porta, R. L., & Shleifer, A. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1304760 · Cited by 80
Explaining Export Success: Firm Characteristics and Spillover Effects
Álvarez, R. (2007) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.11.002 · Cited by 79
Multinationals, technology, and the introduction of varieties of goods
Brambilla, I. (2009) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2009.06.004 · Cited by 79
Productivity and Firm Selection: Quantifying the ‘New’ Gains from Trade
Corcos, G., Gatto, M. D., Mion, G., & Ottaviano, G. I. P. (2011) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02487.x · Cited by 96
The Elasticity of Trade: Estimates and EvidencePreprint
Simonovska, I., & Waugh, M. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1767871 · Cited by 79
Edmond, C., Midrigan, V., & Xu, D. Y. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w24800 · Cited by 80
New Trade Models, Same Old Gains?
Arkolakis, C., Costinot, A., & Rodrı́guez-Clare, A. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15628 · Cited by 96
Quantitative Evaluation of the Determinants of Export and FDI: Firm‐level Evidence from Japan
Todo, Y. (2011) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01331.x · Cited by 78
Trade Patterns, Trade Balances and Idiosyncratic ShocksPreprint
Canals, C., Gabaix, X., Vilarrubia, J. M., & Weinstein, D. E. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.997993 · Cited by 78
The impact of competition on prices with numerous firms
Gabaix, X., Laibson, D., Li, D., Li, H., Resnick, S. I., & de Vries, C. G. (2016) · Journal of Economic Theory · doi:10.1016/j.jet.2016.04.001 · Cited by 77
Bubbles, banks and financial stability
Aoki, K., & Nikolov, K. (2015) · Journal of Monetary Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoneco.2015.05.002 · Cited by 77
Learning-by-Exporting Effects: Are They for Real?
Fernandes, A. M., & Isgut, A. (2015) · Emerging Markets Finance and Trade · doi:10.1080/1540496x.2015.998073 · Cited by 77
Capabilities, Wealth, and Trade
Sutton, J. D., & Trefler, D. (2016) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/686034 · Cited by 77
Bernard, A. B., Redding, S. J., & Schott, P. K. (2009) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2009.01584.x · Cited by 76
Self-citationTariff pass-through, firm heterogeneity and product quality
Ludema, R. D., & Yu, Z. (2016) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2016.09.008 · Cited by 77
Kropf, A., & Sauré, P. U. (2013) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2013.10.003 · Cited by 77
The Role of Firm Factors in Demand, Cost, and Export Market Selection for Chinese Footwear Producers
Roberts, M. J., Xu, D. Y., Fan, X., & Zhang, S. (2012) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdx066 · Cited by 78
Adam, K., & Weber, H. (2019) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20171066 · Cited by 76
Inflation and Exchange Rate Pass-Through
Ha, J., Stocker, M., & Hakan Yilmazkuday, Z. (2019) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-8780 · Cited by 85
How wages and employment adjust to trade liberalization: Quasi-experimental evidence from Austria
Brülhart, M., Carrère, C., & Trionfetti, F. (2011) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.08.010 · Cited by 75
Greenaway, D., Gullstrand, J., & Kneller, R. (2007) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2007.08.005 · Cited by 71
Verhoogen, E. (2004) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 75
The buyer margins of firms' exports
Carballo, J., Ottaviano, G. I. P., & Martincus, C. V. (2018) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2018.02.001 · Cited by 75
Does export and productivity growth linkage exist? Evidence from the Indian manufacturing industry
Sharma, C., & Mishra, R. K. (2011) · International Review of Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/02692171.2011.557046 · Cited by 74
Imports as Product and Labour Market Discipline
Boulhol, H., Dobbelaere, S., & Maioli, S. (2009) · British Journal of Industrial Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8543.2009.00760.x · Cited by 74
The Globalization Risk Premium
Barrot, J.-N., Loualiche, E., & Sauvagnat, J. (2019) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.12780 · Cited by 69
Trade Costs, Pricing to Market, and International Relative PricesPreprint
Burstein, A., & Atkeson, A. G. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 74
Firm Heterogeneity and the Labour Market Effects of Trade LiberalisationPreprint
Egger, H., & Kreickemeier, U. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.931114 · Cited by 74
Melitz, M. J., & Redding, S. J. (2021) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28945 · Cited by 75
Standards and export performance in developing countries: Evidence from Pakistan
Masakure, O., Henson, S., & Cranfield, J. (2009) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638190902986538 · Cited by 73
International environmental outsourcing
Cole, M., Elliott, R., & Okubo, T. (2014) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/s10290-014-0193-6 · Cited by 73
TRADE, WAGES, AND PRODUCTIVITY
Behrens, K., Mion, G., Murata, Y., & Südekum, J. (2014) · International Economic Review · doi:10.1111/iere.12091 · Cited by 75
Harrison, A., Martin, L., & Nataraj, S. (2011) · The World Bank Economic Review · doi:10.1093/wber/lhs029 · Cited by 76
Capital accumulation and dynamic gains from trade
Ravikumar, B., Santacreu, A. M., & Sposi, M. J. (2019) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2019.04.009 · Cited by 73
Imports and Exports at the Level of the Firm: Evidence from BelgiumPreprint
Muûls, M., & Pisu, M. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1004464 · Cited by 73
Trade and Investment under Policy Uncertainty: Theory and Firm Evidence
Handley, K., & Limão, N. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17790 · Cited by 75
Plant-Size Distribution and Cross-Country Income DifferencesPreprint
Alfaro, L., Charlton, A., & Kanczuk, F. (2007) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.984471 · Cited by 74
The Golden Age and the Second Globalization in Italy
Crafts, N. F. R., & Magnani, M. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0003 · Cited by 70
Dynamics of Export Market Entry and Exit
Ilmakunnas, P., & Nurmi, S. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2009.01596.x · Cited by 70
Waugh, M., & Ravikumar, B. (2016) · Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control · doi:10.1016/j.jedc.2016.03.009 · Cited by 72
Innovating Firms and Aggregate Innovation
Klette, T. J., & Kortum, S. S. (2002) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w8819 · Cited by 87
Self-citationFirms and the Economics of Skilled Immigration
Kerr, S. P., Kerr, W. R., & Lincoln, W. F. (2014) · Innovation Policy and the Economy · doi:10.1086/680061 · Cited by 76
Outward FDI and Domestic Input Distortions: Evidence from Chinese Firms
Chen, C., Tian, W., & Yu, M.-J. (2019) · Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/uez034 · Cited by 62
International Trade with Indirect Additivity
Bertoletti, P., Etro, F., & Simonovska, I. (2018) · American Economic Journal Microeconomics · doi:10.1257/mic.20160382 · Cited by 70
Specialization, outsourcing and wages
Munch, J. R., & Skaksen, J. R. (2009) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/s10290-009-0009-2 · Cited by 70
Trade Effects Of Regional Standards Liberalization : A Heterogeneous Firms Approach
Baller, S. (2007) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4124 · Cited by 72
Dissecting Trade: Firms, Industries, and Export Destinations
Eaton, J., Kortum, S. S., & Kramarz, F. (2004) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w10344 · Cited by 77
Self-citationDynamics of investment and firm performance: comparative evidence from manufacturing industries
Grazzi, M., Jacoby, N., & Treibich, T. (2015) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-015-0991-2 · Cited by 69
Firm Heterogeneity and the Structure of U.S. Multinational Activity: An Empirical Analysis
Yeaple, S. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14072 · Cited by 66
Yoshino, Y. (2008) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4575 · Cited by 69
Trade and Domestic Production Networks
Tintelnot, F., Kikkawa, A. K., Mogstad, M., & Dhyne, E. (2018) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w25120 · Cited by 69
Equilibrium Technology Diffusion, Trade, and Growth
Perla, J., Tonetti, C., & Waugh, M. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20881 · Cited by 70
Do Firms Increase Productivity in Order to Become Exporters?*
López, R. A. (2009) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2009.00558.x · Cited by 68
Plant-Size Distribution and Cross-Country Income Differences
Alfaro, L., Charlton, A., & Kanczuk, F. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14060 · Cited by 72
Trade Adjustment and Productivity in Large Crises
Gopinath, G., & Neiman, B. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16958 · Cited by 69
Wu, M., Yu, L., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103050 · Cited by 70
Export and Firm Performance: Evidence on Productivity and Profitability of Italian Companies
Grazzi, M. (2011) · Journal of Industry Competition and Trade · doi:10.1007/s10842-011-0102-9 · Cited by 67
Ma, Y., Qu, B., & Zhang, Y. (2009) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2009.09.002 · Cited by 67
Financial Constraints and the Margins of FDIPreprint
Buch, C. M., Kesternich, I., Lipponer, A., & Schnitzer, M. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.11054 · Cited by 66
Are sunk costs in exporting country specific?
Moxnes, A. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5982.2010.01580.x · Cited by 66
Capital, technology, and specialization in the neoclassical model
Shikher, S. (2010) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2010.11.006 · Cited by 66
Micro to Macro: Optimal Trade Policy With Firm Heterogeneity
Costinot, A., Rodrı́guez-Clare, A., & Werning, I. (2020) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta14763 · Cited by 66
Export Variety and Country Productivity
Feenstra, R. C., & Kee, H. L. (2004) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w10830 · Cited by 69
Trade Models, Trade Elasticities, and the Gains from Trade
Simonovska, I., & Waugh, M. (2014) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2026.104268 · Cited by 65
The role of operational flexibility in the expansion of international production networks
Fisch, J. H., & Zschoche, M. (2012) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.1999 · Cited by 65
Cherries for sale: The incidence and timing of cross-border M&A
Blonigen, B. A., Fontagné, L., Sly, N., & Farid Toubal, B. (2014) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.08.005 · Cited by 65
Yang, X.-Y., & Li, C. (2018) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.12.156 · Cited by 67
The Pro-Competitive Effect of Imports from China: An Analysis of Firm-Level Price DataPreprint
Bugamelli, M., Fabiani, S., & Sette, E. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1601933 · Cited by 65
Competition, Markups, and the Gains from International Trade
Edmond, C., Midrigan, V., & Xu, D. Y. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18041 · Cited by 69
Yang, Y. G., & Mallick, S. (2013) · International Business Review · doi:10.1016/j.ibusrev.2013.04.004 · Cited by 65
Barriers to Exporting: What are They and Who do They Matter to?
Kneller, R., & Pisu, M. (2011) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9701.2011.01357.x · Cited by 85
International trade and macroeconomic dynamics with labor market frictions
Cacciatore, M. (2014) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.01.008 · Cited by 63
Trade Flow Dynamics with Heterogeneous Firms
Ghironi, F. P., & Melitz, M. J. (2007) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.97.2.356 · Cited by 64
Oligopoly in international trade: Rise, fall and resurgence
Head, K. C., & Spencer, B. J. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12303 · Cited by 61
Fu, X. (2005) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036840500049041 · Cited by 63
The role of ICT in Korea’s economic growth: Productivity changes across industries since the 1990s
Hyun-Joon, J., Na, K.-Y., & Yoon, C.-H. (2013) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2012.06.006 · Cited by 63
Input Sourcing and Multinational Production
Garetto, S. (2013) · American Economic Journal Macroeconomics · doi:10.1257/mac.5.2.118 · Cited by 63
Firm-Specific Characteristics and the Timing of Foreign Direct Investment Projects
Raff, H., & Ryan, M. (2008) · Review of World Economics · doi:10.1007/s10290-008-0135-2 · Cited by 63
Buera, F., & Oberfield, E. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21844 · Cited by 63
The Impact of Geopolitical Conflicts on Trade, Growth, and Innovation
World Trade Organization, Góes, C., & Bekkers, E. (2022) · WTO Working papers · doi:10.30875/25189808-2022-9 · Cited by 63
Diaspora Investments and Firm Export Performance in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries
Boly, A., Coniglio, N. D., Prota, F., & Šerić, A. (2014) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.02.006 · Cited by 62
Capital goods trade, relative prices, and economic development
Mutreja, P., Ravikumar, B., & Sposi, M. J. (2017) · Review of Economic Dynamics · doi:10.1016/j.red.2017.11.003 · Cited by 62
Bloom, N., Manova, K. B., Reenen, J. M. V., Sun, S. T., & Yu, Z. (2020) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00925 · Cited by 62
A competing risks analysis of firms’ exit
Pérez, S. E., Sanchis-Llopis, A., & Sanchis‐Llopis, J. A. (2009) · Empirical Economics · doi:10.1007/s00181-009-0266-x · Cited by 62
Cluster development policy, SME’s performance, and spillovers: evidence from Brazil
Garone, L. F., Maffioli, A., Negri, J. A. D., Rodríguez, C. M., & Vázquez-Baré, G. (2014) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-014-9620-2 · Cited by 61
Globalization and imperfect labor market sorting
Davidson, C., Heyman, F., Matusz, S. J., Sjöholm, F., & Zhu, S. C. (2014) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2014.08.001 · Cited by 62
Trade Liberalization with Heterogenous Firms
Baldwin, R., & Forslid, R. (2006) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w12192 · Cited by 62
Harrigan, J., Ma, X., & Shlychkov, V. (2015) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2015.04.007 · Cited by 69
Trade and Growth with Heterogenous Firms
Baldwin, R., & Robert‐Nicoud, F. (2006) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w12326 · Cited by 62
Trade Integration, Competition, and the Decline in Exchange-Rate Pass-ThroughPreprint
Gust, C. J., Leduc, S., & Vigfusson, R. J. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.927728 · Cited by 64
All banks great, small, and global: Loan pricing and foreign competition
de Blas, B., & Russ, K. (2012) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2012.08.005 · Cited by 60
Subglobal carbon policy and the competitive selection of heterogeneous firms
Balistreri, E. J., & Rutherford, T. F. (2012) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.002 · Cited by 57
International economic activities and skilled labour demand: evidence from Brazil and China
Fajnzylber, P. R., & Fernandes, A. M. (2008) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036840601007336 · Cited by 60
TRADE COSTS AND JOB FLOWS: EVIDENCE FROM ESTABLISHMENT‐LEVEL DATA
Groizard, J. L., Ranjan, P., & Rodriguez‐Lopez, A. (2014) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/ecin.12139 · Cited by 62
Metadata
- Authors
- Bernard, A. B., Eaton, J., Jensen, J. B., & Kortum, S.
- Affiliations
- Dartmouth College (US)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (US)
- Peterson Institute for International Economics (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2003-08-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1268-1290
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3125387544
- Cited by
- 2,980
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 47 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 107 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 112 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 115 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 141 · 2015: 170 · 2014: 187 · 2013: 209 · 2012: 207
- FWCI
- 136.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Global trade and economics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Technological Innovation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Global Trade and Competitiveness
- Keywords
- firm productivity, Ricardian model, international trade, geographic barriers, imperfect competition, productivity dispersion, exporters, firm entry and exit, employee turnover, manufacturing companies, globalization, dollar appreciation, bilateral trade
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
