The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 18 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Schooling and Labor Market Consequences of School Construction in Indonesia: Evidence from an Unusual Policy Experiment
Abstract
Between 1973 and 1978, the Indonesian government engaged in one of the largest school construction programs on record. Combining differences across regions in the number of schools constructed with differences across cohorts induced by the timing of the program suggests that each primary school constructed per 1,000 children led to an average increase of 0.12 to 0.19 years of education, as well as a 1.5 to 2.7 percent increase in wages. This implies estimates of economic returns to education ranging from 6.8 to 10.6 percent. (JEL I2, J31, O15, O22)
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For instance, in Duflo (2001), under a common trends assumption on D i,g,t (0) , the number of years of schooling individuals would complete if zero new schools were constructed in their district, the first stage coefficient identifies a weighted sum of the effect of one new school on years of schooling in every district, with many negative weights.”
From Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects (2020) · cites this paper as Duflo (2001)
In the citing paper
“However, the discussion above shows that this result does not generalize to applications with multiple groups and periods or a non-binary instrument, as in Duflo (2001) where the number of new schools constructed varies across districts.”
From Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects (2020) · cites this paper as Duflo (2001)
In the citing paper
“This situation can arise in cohort studies: for example Duflo (2001) studies the life-course impact of childhood exposure to school availability in Indonesia based on district and year of birth, and Bailey, Sun, and Timpe (2021) examine the long run impacts of childhood exposure to Head Start in the United States, with treatment based on county and year of birth.”
From An Introductory Guide to Event Study Models (2023) · cites this paper as Duflo (2001)
Citations
Cites
(2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.7.i · Cited by 7,275
Returns to investment in education: A global update
Psacharopoulos, G. (1994) · World Development · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(94)90007-8 · Cited by 3,116
Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B. (2001) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.15.4.69 · Cited by 2,355
Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update
Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2002) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-2881 · Cited by 1,638
Angrist, J. D., & Imbens, G. W. (1995) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1995.10476535 · Cited by 1,346
Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1992) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/261805 · Cited by 1,147
Identification and Inference in Nonlinear Difference-in-Differences Models
Athey, S., & Imbens, G. W. (2006) · Econometrica · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00668.x · Cited by 1,084
Heckman, J. J., & Hotz, V. J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290059 · Cited by 969
Human resources: Empirical modeling of household and family decisionsPreprint
Strauss, J. S., & Thomas, D. (1995) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 908
Schools and Skills in Developing Countries: Education Policies and Socioeconomic Outcomes
Glewwe, P. (2002) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.40.2.436 · Cited by 608
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Angrist Joshua D, 1995, American Economic Review, 85, 1065
- 10.2307/2291054 · DOI
- Strauss John, 1995, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 3, 1885
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 701–800 of 1,001
Subedi, M. N., Rafiq, S., & Ulker, A. (2022) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2022.06.011 · Cited by 14
Educational Content, Exclusive National Identity, and Anti-immigrant Attitudes
Lee, B. (2023) · The Journal of Politics · doi:10.1086/724965 · Cited by 14
Hukou Status and Children’s Education in China
Sun, Y., Zhao, L., & Zhao, Z. (2024) · Economic Development and Cultural Change · doi:10.1086/729926 · Cited by 14
Free school meals and cognitive ability: Evidence from China's student nutrition improvement plan
Duan, X., Liang, Y., & Peng, X. (2024) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.4824 · Cited by 20
Guo, N., Wang, S., & Zhang, J. (2024) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1093/ej/ueae049 · Cited by 14
School quality and educational attainment: Japanese American internment as a natural experiment
Saavedra, M. H. (2015) · Explorations in Economic History · doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2015.02.001 · Cited by 14
My Brother’s Keeper: Other-regarding preferences and concern for global climate change
Kennard, A. (2020) · The Review of International Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11558-019-09374-w · Cited by 14
Immigration Policy and the Rise of Self-Employment Among Mexican Immigrants
Amuedo‐Dorantes, C., Lofstrom, M., & Wang, C. (2020) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/00197939211057765 · Cited by 24
Youth in Africa's Labor Market
Garcia, M. H., & Farès, J. (2008) · World Bank Publications · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6884-8 · Cited by 14
Estimate of the private return on education in Indonesia: Evidence from sibling data
Dumauli, M. T. (2015) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.02.012 · Cited by 14
A note on the effects of education on youth smoking in a developing country
Sohn, K. (2013) · Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy · doi:10.1080/13547860.2013.803845 · Cited by 14
Do returns to education matter to schooling participation
Kingdon, G., & Theopold, N. (2006) · Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) · Cited by 14
Does Maternal Education Decrease Female Genital Cutting?
Cao, E. D., & Mattina, G. L. (2019) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20191098 · Cited by 14
Transformative Resilience Guide : Gender, Violence, and Education
Kelcey, J., Reyes, J., & Varela, A. D. (2013) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/18979 · Cited by 14
Institutional Change in Southeast Asia
Sjöholm, F., & Tongzon, J. L. (2004) · doi:10.4324/9780203694633 · Cited by 14
Okoye, D. (2015) · Economic Analysis and Policy · doi:10.1016/j.eap.2015.12.002 · Cited by 14
The Impact of Fiscal and Political Decentralization on Local Public Investments in IndonesiaPreprint
Kis‐Katos, K., & Sjahrir, B. S. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2381136 · Cited by 14
Jakiela, P., Miguel, E. A., & Velde, V. L. T. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16449 · Cited by 15
Empowering Women: The Effect of Schooling on Young Women's Knowledge and Use of Contraception
Andalón, M., Williams, J., & Grossman, M. B. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19961 · Cited by 14
Financial Inclusion, Shocks and Poverty: Evidence from the Expansion of Mobile Money in TanzaniaPreprint
Abiona, O., & Koppensteiner, M. F. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3265624 · Cited by 14
The global challenge in basic education : why continued investment in basic education is important
Mertaugh, M. T., Jiménez, E., & Patrinos, H. A. (2009) · Cited by 13
Öztürk, A., & Dayıoğlu, M. (2023) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-023-01122-9 · Cited by 13
Can higher education improve egalitarian gender role attitudes? Evidence from China
Zhang, L., & Zhu, J. (2024) · China Economic Review · doi:10.1016/j.chieco.2024.102311 · Cited by 13
The digital dilemma: Corporate digital transformation and default risk
Wu, K., & Lu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Financial Stability · doi:10.1016/j.jfs.2025.101393 · Cited by 17
Public Spending Education and Inequality: A Case Studyin Indonesia
Saraswati, E. (2013) · International Journal of Social Science and Humanity · doi:10.7763/ijssh.2012.v2.139 · Cited by 13
Kataoka, M. (2018) · Regional Science Policy & Practice · doi:10.1111/rsp3.12159 · Cited by 13
Gevrek, Z. E., Šimunović, P. K., & Ursprung, H. W. (2019) · Public Choice · doi:10.1007/s11127-019-00724-1 · Cited by 13
Commute costs and labor supply: evidence from a satellite campus
Fu, S., & Viard, V. B. (2018) · Journal of Economic Geography · doi:10.1093/jeg/lby006 · Cited by 17
Estimating Education and Labor Market Consequences of China’s Higher Education Expansion
Wen, Q. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14137873 · Cited by 13
Should You Want An Educated Mayor? Evidence from Close Elections in Italy
Mitra, A. (2020) · European Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2024.102636 · Cited by 13
Exams, districts, and intergenerational mobility: Evidence from South Korea
Lee, Y. S. (2014) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.05.006 · Cited by 13
El diseño del seguro de desempleo y sus efectos: evidencia para Uruguay
Amarante, V., Arim, R., & Dean, A. (2013) · Revista Desarrollo y Sociedad · doi:10.13043/dys.71.1 · Cited by 13
Heterogeneity, comparative advantage, and return to education: The case of Taiwan
Chuang, Y., & Lai, W. (2010) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2010.03.003 · Cited by 13
Raju, D., Hoover, M. A., Linden, L., Barrera‐Osorio, F., & Blakeslee, D. (2013) · Cited by 13
OLD-AGE POVERTY IN INDONESIA: Empirical Evidence and Policy Options A Role for Social Pensions
Priebe, J., & Howell, F. (2014) · Cited by 13
Puspasari, S. (2019) · Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Media Pengembangan Ilmu dan Praktek Administrasi · doi:10.31113/jia.v16i2.500 · Cited by 13
The Entry of NGO Schools and Girls' Educational Outcomes in Bangladesh
Sukontamarn, P. (2005) · London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) · Cited by 13
Literacy and numeracy skills and education sector reform: evidence from Ghana
Blunch, N. (2011) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2011.597954 · Cited by 13
Pontili, R. M., & Kassouf, A. L. (2007) · Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural · doi:10.1590/s0103-20032007000100002 · Cited by 13
Duflo, E. (2005) · Revue d économie du développement · doi:10.3917/edd.192.0185 · Cited by 13
Self-citationMethodologies to evaluate early childhood development programs
Behrman, J. R., Glewwe, P. W., & Miguel, E. A. (2007) · Cited by 13
Do Targeted Reproductive Health Services Matter? – The Impact of a Midwife Program in Indonesia
Strupat, C. (2017) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.3465 · Cited by 13
The Returns from Reducing Corruption: Evidence from Education in UgandaPreprint
Gauthier, B., & Svensson, J. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13
Upgrading the Low Skilled: Is Public Provision of Formal Education a Sensible Policy?Preprint
Stenberg, A. (2009) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 13
School construction and intergenerational mobility in IndonesiaPreprint
Hertz, T., & Jayasundera, T. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.17606/qt3z-3c16 · Cited by 13
Reyes, J., Roberts, M., & Xu, L. C. (2017) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-8114 · Cited by 13
The Long-Run Effect of Public Libraries on Children: Evidence from the Early 1900sPreprint
Karger, E. (2021) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/e8k7p · Cited by 13
Kim, D. (2022) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2022.2139606 · Cited by 12
The persistent effect of conflict on educational outcomes: Evidence from Ethiopia
Weldeegzie, S. G. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2023.102884 · Cited by 11
The Impacts of Households on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Indonesia
Hartono, D., Dachlan, A. N., Hastuti, S. H., Kartiasih, F., Saputri, N. K., Kurniawan, R., Surahman, U., Goembira, F., & Shirakawa, H. (2023) · Environmental Processes · doi:10.1007/s40710-023-00666-3 · Cited by 12
Zhao, Y., Du, H., Li, R., & Zhou, G. (2024) · Journal of Asian Economics · doi:10.1016/j.asieco.2024.101710 · Cited by 12
Impact of electronic-wallet system on farmer’s welfare in Oyo State, Nigeria
Umeokeke, N. I., Okoruwa, V. O., & Adeyemo, T. A. (2017) · International Journal of Social Economics · doi:10.1108/ijse-07-2015-0184 · Cited by 12
A Teenager in Love: Multidimensional Human Capital and Teenage Pregnancy in Ghana
Blunch, N. (2017) · The Journal of Development Studies · doi:10.1080/00220388.2017.1308486 · Cited by 12
Catch up growth and social capability in developing countries: A conceptual and measurement proposal
Andersson, M., & Palacio, A. (2017) · OASIS · doi:10.18601/16577558.n26.02 · Cited by 12
Education and polygamy: Evidence from Cameroon
André, P., & Dupraz, Y. (2023) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103068 · Cited by 12
Causal Inference for Spatial Treatments
Pollmann, M. (2026) · Econometrica · doi:10.3982/ecta21571 · Cited by 30
Segregation and Fertility: The Case of the Roma in Serbia
Battaglia, M., Chabé-Ferret, B., & Lebedinski, L. (2017) · Journal of Demographic Economics · doi:10.1017/dem.2020.8 · Cited by 15
Vaccination and risky behaviors: evidence from the hepatitis B vaccination campaign in China
Huang, C., Li, C., Liu, F., & Xu, R. (2023) · Journal of Population Economics · doi:10.1007/s00148-023-00942-4 · Cited by 12
Barrera‐Osorio, F., Anthony, H. P., & Wodon, Q. T. (2009) · World Bank Publications · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-7976-9 · Cited by 12
Teixeira, W. M., & Menezes-Filho, N. A. (2012) · Brazilian Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1590/s0101-31572012000300008 · Cited by 12
Cas, A. G. (2016) · Asian Development Review · doi:10.1162/adev_a_00065 · Cited by 12
The effects of Greek affiliation on academic performance
Donato, A. D., & Thomas, J. M. (2017) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.01.004 · Cited by 12
Évaluation des Politiques Publiques : expérimentation randomisée et méthodes quasi-expérimentales
Chabé‐Ferret, S., Dupont-Courtade, L., & Treich, N. (2017) · Économie & prévision · doi:10.3406/ecop.2017.8218 · Cited by 23
The Effect of Education on Health: Evidence from the 1997 Compulsory Schooling Reform in Turkey
Baltagi, B. H., Flores‐Lagunes, A., & Karatas, H. M. (2019) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.05.001 · Cited by 12
Disparities in Labor Market Outcomes across Geopolitical Regions in Nigeria. Fact or Fantasy?
Oyelere, R. U. (2008) · Journal of African Development · doi:10.5325/jafrideve.10.1.0011 · Cited by 12
Behrman, J. R., Hoddinott, J. F., Maluccio, J. A., & Martorell, R. (2010) · Cited by 12
The impact of primary school investment reallocation on educational attainment in rural China
Haepp, T., & Lyu, L. (2018) · Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy · doi:10.1080/13547860.2018.1515004 · Cited by 12
No Pass No Drive: Education and Allocation of Time
Barua, R., & Vidal-Fernández, M. (2014) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/678262 · Cited by 12
The Poverty Reduction Capacity of Public and Private Transfers in Transition
Verme, P. (2011) · Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) · doi:10.1080/00220388.2010.514334 · Cited by 12
Do School Subsidies Promote Human Capital Investment among the Poor?*
Martinelli, C., & Parker, S. W. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2008.00537.x · Cited by 12
College Expansion and the Marginal Returns to Education: Evidence from RussiaPreprint
Belskaya, O., Peter, K. S., & Posso, C. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2543930 · Cited by 12
Glick, P. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.891256 · Cited by 12
Suryadarma, D., Artha, R. P., Suryahadi, A., Sumarto, S., & Rogers, F. (2005) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 12
Nizar, N. I., Nuryartono, N., Juanda, B., & Fauzi, A. (2023) · Journal of the Knowledge Economy · doi:10.1007/s13132-023-01398-3 · Cited by 11
Wu, Q., Sun, Z., & Jiang, L. (2023) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2023.2276091 · Cited by 11
Keeping Girls in Schools Longer: The Kanyashree Approach in India
Sen, G., & Thamarapani, D. (2023) · Feminist Economics · doi:10.1080/13545701.2023.2263542 · Cited by 11
Women’s access to school, educational attainment, and fertility: Evidence from Jordan
Zhang, H., & Assaad, R. A. (2024) · Journal of Development Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2024.103291 · Cited by 11
Have Autocrats Governed for the Long Term?
Millemaci, E., Monteforte, F., & Temple, J. (2024) · Kyklos (Basel) · doi:10.1111/kykl.12425 · Cited by 3
Huang, Q., Liu, C., & Zhou, L. (2019) · Journal of Comparative Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jce.2019.08.007 · Cited by 11
Trade Adjustment and Human Capital Investment: Evidence From Indian Tariff Reform
Edmonds, E. V., Pavcnik, N., Topalova, P. B., EEdmonds@imf.org, NPavcnik@imf.org, & PTopalova@imf.org (2007) · IMF Working Paper · doi:10.2139/ssrn.986822 · Cited by 14
Rural school access and the agricultural transformation
Charlton, D. E., & Taylor, J. E. (2020) · Agricultural Economics · doi:10.1111/agec.12583 · Cited by 11
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIES FOR SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES
Hameed, M. R., Batool, H., Khan, A., Ahmed, I., & Rehman, N. U. (2021) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2021.9245 · Cited by 11
China's anti‐corruption campaign and outward foreign direct investment by state‐owned enterprises
Qi, Z., Kenderdine, T., Tang, T., & Liu, Q. (2022) · World Economy · doi:10.1111/twec.13244 · Cited by 13
Debt Overhang and the Retail Apocalypse
Liebersohn, J., Correa, R., & Sicilian, M. J. (2022) · International Finance Discussion Paper · doi:10.17016/ifdp.2022.1356 · Cited by 11
Gone with the Flood: Natural Disasters and Children’s Schooling in Pakistan
Khan, Q., & Hussain, K. (2022) · The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.1515/bejeap-2022-0134 · Cited by 11
War and Welfare in Colonial Algeria
Koehler‐Derrick, G., & Lee, M. M. (2023) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818322000376 · Cited by 11
Complementarities and Intergenerational Educational Mobility: Theory and Evidence from Indonesia
Ahsan, M. N., Emran, M. S., & Shilpi, F. J. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2024.05.025 · Cited by 10
Faith-Based Schools in Latin America: Case Studies on Fe Y Alegria
Osorio, J. C. P., & Wodon, Q. T. (2013) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-8695-8 · Cited by 11
The education treatment effect on the non-farm income of Chinese western rural labors
Luan, J., Chen, J., He, Z., Li, Q., & Qiu, H. (2015) · China Agricultural Economic Review · doi:10.1108/caer-10-2013-0143 · Cited by 11
Millennium Development Goal Achievements and Policies in Education and Health: What Has Been Learnt?
Lay, J. (2011) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7679.2012.00560.x · Cited by 11
Keeping Kids in School: The Long-Term Effects of Extending Compulsory Education
Elsayed, M. (2017) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00254 · Cited by 11
Cognitive achievement production in Madagascar: a value-added model approach
Aubery, F., & Sahn, D. E. (2021) · Education Economics · doi:10.1080/09645292.2021.1921110 · Cited by 11
Education Universalization, Rural School Participation, and Population Density
Zhang, X., & Rozelle, S. (2022) · China & World Economy · doi:10.1111/cwe.12426 · Cited by 11
Political Firms, Public Procurement, and the Democratization Process
Straub, S. (2014) · Toulouse Capitole Publications (University Toulouse 1 Capitole) · Cited by 11
Taxation, human capital formation, and long-run growth with private investment in education
Tobing, E. (2010) · Journal of Asian Economics · doi:10.1016/j.asieco.2010.08.003 · Cited by 11
US affiliates, infrastructure and growth: A simultaneous investigation of critical mass
Kellenberg, D. K. (2009) · Journal of International Trade & Economic Development · doi:10.1080/09638190902986488 · Cited by 11
Population and Health PoliciesPreprint
Schultz, T. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1435372 · Cited by 12
The Living Conditions Of Children
Patrinos, H. A. (2007) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-4251 · Cited by 11
Poverty and the Labour Market in Indonesia: Employment Trends Across the Wealth DistributionPreprint
Priebe, J., Howell, F., & Sari, V. A. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2571538 · Cited by 11
Glewwe, P. W., & Glewwe, P. (2001) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.12969 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Duflo, E.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Duflo, Esther
- ORCID
- Duflo, Esther
- Venue
- American Economic Review
- Publisher
- American Economic Association
- Published
- 2001-09-01
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 795-813
- ISSN
- 0002-8282 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3124366560
- Cited by
- 1,940
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 160 · 2025: 144 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 106 · 2018: 81 · 2017: 97 · 2016: 80 · 2015: 79 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 74
- FWCI
- 123.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Economic Review (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic Growth and Productivity
- Keywords
- school construction, education policy, economic returns to education, wages, primary education, labor market outcomes, Indonesia, policy experiments
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
