CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,355Advanced Causal Inference TechniquesMonetary Policy and Economic ImpactSpatial and Panel Data Analysis

Instrumental Variables and the Search for Identification: From Supply and Demand to Natural Experiments

Open access
Angrist, Joshua D, Krueger, Alan B·2001·Journal of Economic Perspectives
DOI 10.1257/jep.15.4.69
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Instrumental variables was first used in the 1920s to estimate supply and demand elasticities and later to correct for measurement error in single equation models. Recently, instrumental variables have been widely used to reduce bias from omitted variables in estimates of causal relationships. Intuitively, instrumental variables methods use only a portion of the variability in key variables to estimate the relationships of interest; if the instruments are valid, that portion is unrelated to the omitted variables. We discuss the mechanics of instrumental variables and the qualities that make for a good instrument, devoting particular attention to instruments derived from “natural experiments.”

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1257/jep.15.4.69

Cites

96 of 234 references verified0 citation errors · 138 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Observational studies using carefully chosen IVs are sometimes regarded as being equivalent to quasi experiments regarding their power to support causal claims.

    “Observational studies using carefully chosen IVs are sometimes regarded as being equivalent to quasi experiments regarding their power to support causal claims (Angrist and Krueger 2001).”

    From Financial literacy, financial advice, and financial behavior (2017) · cites this paper as Angrist and Krueger 2001

  • IV analyses can be applied to any potential source of randomization, including intentionally designed RCTs or quasi-randomization in natural experiments.

    “IV analyses can be applied to any potential source of randomization, including intentionally designed RCTs or quasi-randomization in natural experiments.15,16”

    From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [15]

  • IV analyses are an alternative estimation method that can be used to derive an estimate of the causal effect of the treatment on the outcome by accounting for the size of the association between randomization and the exposure.

    “IV analyses are an alternative estimation method that can be used to derive an estimate of the causal effect of the treatment (here, CRP) on the outcome (SBP) by accounting for the size of the association between randomization and CRP.3,4,12–15”

    From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [15]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Part of this paper’s reference list could not be split into single entries.

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 109

  1. Angrist, Joshua D., Guido W. Imbens and Alan B. Krueger. 1999. "Jackknife Instrumental Vari- ables Estimation." Journal of Applied Econometrics. 14:1, pp. 57-67.
  2. Bekker, Paul A. 1994. "Alternative Approxima- tions to the Distributions of Instrumental Vari- ables Estimators." Econometrica. 62:3, pp. 657-81.
  3. Bowden, Roger J. and Darrell A. Turkington. 1984. Instrumental Variables. Cambridge: Cam- bridge University Press.
  4. Bronars, Stephen G. and Jeff Grogger. 1994. "The Economic Consequences of Unwed Motherhood: Using Twins as a Natural Experi- ment." American Economic Review. 84:5, pp. 1141- 156.
  5. Peter Marsden, ed. Washington, D.C.: American Sociological Association, chapter 10. Friedman, Milton. 1957. A Theory of the Con- This article has been cited by:
  6. Fabrice Ochou, Philippe Quirion. 2030. Impact du changement climatique sur l'agriculture : une quantification du biais de prix dans les approches économétriques. Revue économique Prépublication:7, 1138-1163. [Crossref] · DOI
  7. Isiaka Akande Raifu, Alarudeen Aminu. 2023. The effect of military spending on economic growth in MENA: evidence from method of moments quantile regression. Future Business Journal 9:1. . [Crossref] · DOI
  8. Martin Popp. 2023. How elastic is labor demand? A meta-analysis for the German labor market. Journal for Labour Market Research 57:1. . [Crossref] · DOI
  9. Nataliya Langburd Wright, Frank Nagle, Shane Greenstein. 2023. Open source software and global entrepreneurship. Research Policy 52:9, 104846. [Crossref] · DOI
  10. Cemil Kuzey, Ali Uyar, Shaista Wasiuzzaman, Abdullah S. Karaman, Petra Inwinkl. 2023. Financial distress and corporate transparency/opacity: The role of firm visibility. International Review of Economics & Finance 88, 766-798. [Crossref] · DOI
  11. Inayat Ullah, Saqib Hussain. 2023. Impact of early access to land record information through digitization: Evidence from Alternate Dispute Resolution Data in Punjab, Pakistan. Land Use Policy 134, 106917. [Crossref] · DOI
  12. Powell Mponela, Julius Manda, Michael Kinyua, Job Kihara. 2023. The impact of participatory action research and endogenous integrated soil fertility management on farm-gate dietary outputs in northern Tanzania. Heliyon 9:11, e21888. [Crossref] · DOI
  13. Kozo Kiyota, Yoshinori Kurokawa. 2023. Intermediate Goods-Skill Complementarity. The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, ahead of print. [Crossref] · DOI
  14. Murali Jagannathan, Brett W. Myers, Xu Niu. 2023. The impact of labor on the performance of founder-family firms. Journal of Financial Research 16. . [Crossref] · DOI
  15. Muhammad Qasim. 2023. A weighted average limited information maximum likelihood estimator. Statistical Papers 113. . [Crossref] · DOI
  16. Xin Dai, Jie Tang, Qin Huang, Wenyue Cui. 2023. Knowledge Spillover and Spatial Innovation Growth: Evidence from China's Yangtze River Delta. Sustainability 15:19, 14370. [Crossref] · DOI
  17. Temidayo Adepoju, Anita L. Carson, Helen S. Jin, Christopher S. Manasseh. 2023. Hospital Boarding Crises: The Impact of Urgent vs. Prevention Responses on Length of Stay. Management Science 69:10, 5948-5963. [Crossref] · DOI
  18. Xinyue Liu, Li Zhou, Lei Lei. 2023. Contract farming, animal epidemic disease outbreaks, and inclusive growth in rural China. Applied Economics 55:41, 4765-4780. [Crossref] · DOI
  19. Bin Yuan, Wei Liu, Yuhu Cui. 2023. The impact of retirement on body mass index in China: An empirical study based on regression discontinuity design. SSM -Population Health 23, 101434. [Crossref] · DOI
  20. Kunhan Wu, Zihan Wang, Jingyi Zhao, Haodong Xu, Tianming Hao, Wenzhi Lin. 2023. Instrumental variables matter: towards causal inference using deep learning. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2580:1, 012044. [Crossref] · DOI
  21. Hany Elbardan, Ali Uyar, Cemil Kuzey, Abdullah S. Karaman. 2023. CSR reporting, assurance, and firm value and risk: The moderating effects of CSR committees and executive compensation. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation 60, 100579. [Crossref] · DOI
  22. Francis C. Petterini. 2023. Modelling simultaneously censored outcomes of private policing and crime. Empirical Economics 201. . [Crossref] · DOI
  23. Fang Wu, June Cao, Xiaosan Zhang. 2023. Do non-executive employees matter in curbing corporate financial fraud?. Journal of Business Research 163, 113922. [Crossref] · DOI
  24. Justin Petrovich, Bahaeddine Taoufik, Zachary George Davis. 2023. Instrumental variable estimation for functional concurrent regression models. Journal of Applied Statistics 4, 1-20. [Crossref] · DOI
  25. Cuong Viet Nguyen, Tung Duc Phung. 2023. Lottery Wins and Employment in a Low-Income Country: Impacts and Mechanisms. Economic Development and Cultural Change . [Crossref] · DOI
  26. Ning Xu, Changan Li. 2023. Intergenerational mobility of relative poverty and its mechanism in rural China. Applied Economics Letters 1-6. [Crossref] · DOI
  27. Mohammad Nazrul Islam, Shihong Li, Clark M. Wheatley. 2023. Accounting comparability and financial distress. Review of Accounting and Finance 22:3, 353-373. [Crossref] · DOI
  28. Yiming Fan, Jingqi Wang, Jingui Xie, Yugang Yu, Liqing Cao. 2023. The Impact of Bundled Payment on Hospital Operations. Service Science 15:2, 129-155. [Crossref] · DOI
  29. Miao Li, Tao Xiong, Ziran Li. 2023. A tale of two contracts: Examining the behavior of bid-ask spreads of corn futures in China. Journal of Futures Markets 43:6, 792-806. [Crossref] · DOI
  30. Edward Rubin, Maximilian Auffhammer. 2023. Quantifying Heterogeneity in the Price Elasticity of Residential Natural Gas. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists 107. . [Crossref] · DOI
  31. Patrick J. Ferguson, Karim R. Lakhani. 2023. Consuming Contests: The Effect of Outcome Uncertainty on Spectator Attendance in the Australian Football League*. Economic Record 12. . [Crossref] · DOI
  32. Habiba Al-Shaer, Cemil Kuzey, Ali Uyar, Abdullah S. Karaman. 2023. Corporate strategy, board composition, and firm value. International Journal of Finance & Economics . [Crossref] · DOI
  33. Simphiwe Innocentia Hlatshwayo, Mjabuliseni Simon Cloapas Ngidi, Temitope Oluwaseun Ojo, Albert Thembinkosi Modi, Tafadzwanashe Mabhaudhi, Rob Slotow. 2023. The determinants of crop productivity and its effect on food and nutrition security in rural communities of South Africa. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 7. . [Crossref] · DOI
  34. Sovath Kenh, Qidi Wei. 2023. Industrial impact analysis of foreign direct investment on economic development in Cambodia. Journal of Business and Socio-economic Development 15. . [Crossref] · DOI
  35. Halfdan Lynge. 2023. Does corruption affect firm growth? New evidence from Mozambique. Studies in Economics and Econometrics 47:2, 169-184. [Crossref] · DOI
  36. Takahiro Ishikawa, Kenniti Hamamoto, Kiminao Kogiso. 2023. Trajectory tracking switching control system for autonomous crawler dump under varying ground condition. Automation in Construction 148, 104740. [Crossref] · DOI
  37. Cristian Barra, Anna Papaccio, Nazzareno Ruggiero. 2023. Government effectiveness and inequality in Italian regions. Economic Change and Restructuring 56:2, 781-801. [Crossref] · DOI
  38. Shelton M. Nhokwara, Hiroichi Kono, Satoko Kubota, Mark Jubenkanda. 2023. Communication medium in theileriosis control: the factors that determine disease knowledge among smallholder farmers in Zimbabwe. Tropical Animal Health and Production 55:2. . [Crossref] · DOI
  39. Ismatilla Mardanov. 2023. Issues of EU Member Nations' Shared Sovereignty, Institutions, and Economic Development. Economies 11:4, 128. [Crossref] · DOI
  40. Kathleen Y. Li, Paul S. Kim, Joshua Thariath, Edwin S. Wong, Jonathan Barkham, Keith E. Kocher. 2023. Standard nurse phone triage versus tele-emergency care pilot on Veteran use of in-person acute care: An instrumental variable analysis. Academic Emergency Medicine 30:4, 310-320. [Crossref] · DOI
  41. Yuri Mansury, Woosung Kim, Jingwen Li. 2023. Militarized Conflict, Trade, and Economic Development in a Structural Equation Model With Spatial Considerations. International Regional Science Review 69, 016001762311604. [Crossref] · DOI
  42. Valérie Fernandes, Cemil Kuzey, Ali Uyar, Abdullah S. Karaman. 2023. Board structure policy, board diversity and social sustainability in the logistics and transportation sector. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 53:1, 62-92.
  43. Crossref · DOI
  44. Siddharth Shekhar Singh, Ravi Sen, Sharad Borle. 2022. Online Training of Salespeople: Impact, Heterogeneity, and Spillover Effects. Journal of Marketing Research 59:1, 230-249. [Crossref] 192. Apostolos Davillas, Andrew Burlinson, Hui-Hsuan Liu. 2022. Getting warmer: Fuel poverty, objective and subjective health and well-being. Energy Economics 106, 105794. [Crossref] 193. Zhi Wang, Miao Yu. 2022. Political embeddedness and firms' growth. Kyklos 75:1, 127-153. [Crossref] 194. Colin Harris, Andrew Myers, Christienne Briol, Sam Carlen. The Binding Force of Economics 69-103. [Crossref] 195. Yuxuan Li, Christina W.Y. Wong, Xin Miao. 2022. Political connection, political promotion and corporate environmental information disclosure in China. Chinese Management Studies 16:1, 78-101. [Crossref] 196. Fernando Pinto. 2022. The effect of university graduates' international mobility on labour outcomes in Spain. Studies in Higher Education 47:1, 26-37. [Crossref] 197. Paul Beaudry, Tim Willems. 2022. On the Macroeconomic Consequences of Over-Optimism. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 14:1, 38-59. [Abstract] [View PDF article] [PDF with links] 198. Yiming He. The Economic Analysis of Urbanization in Dynamic Optimal Models with an Application to Water Consumption 103-119. [Crossref] 199. Urbanus Kioko Kamba. 2022. Health insurance and Out of Pocket health care expenditure in Kenya. Journal of Economics and Management 44, 38-63. [Crossref] 200. · DOI
  45. Juan Wang, Qian Huang, Hefu Liu, Yong Tan. 2021. Impelling versus Impeding Effects on Customer Purchase in a Social Media-Embedded Channel. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 310. Ilona Babenko, Benjamin Bennett, John M. Bizjak, Jeffrey L. Coles, Jason Sandvik. 2021. Clawback Provisions and Firm Risk. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 311. Patrick Ferguson, Karim R. Lakhani. 2021. Consuming Contests: Outcome Uncertainty and Spectator Demand for Contest-based Entertainment. SSRN Electronic Journal 9. . [Crossref] 312. Inayat Ullah, Saqib Hussain, Wafa Akhoubzi, Saddam Hussain, Muhammad Khan Riaz, Sana Jamil, Aqsa Parveen Parveen. 2021. Impact Evaluation of the Land Record Management Information System in the Punjab Province, Pakistan. SSRN Electronic Journal 7. . [Crossref] 313. Murali Jagannathan, Brett W. Myers, Xu Niu. 2021. Do Family Successions (Really) Reduce Firm Performance? Evidence from Large US Firms. SSRN Electronic Journal 16. . [Crossref] 314. Brianna O'Steen. 2021. Bilateral labor agreements and the migration of Filipinos: An instrumental variable approach. IZA Journal of Development and Migration 12:1. . [Crossref] 315. Abidin Alhassan, Leon Li, Krishna Reddy, Geeta Duppati. 2021. The relationship between political instability and financial inclusion: Evidence from Middle East and North Africa. International Journal of Finance & Economics 26:1, 353-374. [Crossref] 316. Frederick Eberhardt, Nur Kaynar, Auyon Siddiq. 2021. Discovering Causal Models with Optimization: Confounders, Cycles, and Feature Selection. SSRN Electronic Journal 91. . [Crossref] 317. Els Goetghebeur, Saskia le Cessie, Bianca De Stavola, Erica EM Moodie, Ingeborg Waernbaum. 2020. Formulating causal questions and principled statistical answers. Statistics in Medicine 39:30, 4922-4948. [Crossref] 318. Yarong Hao, Bin Dong. Post-Earnings Announcement Drift in Multimarket Setting 69-77. [Crossref] 319. Fernando Blanco, Drilona Emrullahu, Raimundo Soto. Do Coronavirus Containment Measures Work ? Worldwide Evidence 186, . [Crossref] 320. · DOI
  46. Nirosha Hewa Wellalage, Stuart Locke, Helen Samujh. 2019. Corruption, Gender and Credit Constraints: Evidence from South Asian SMEs. Journal of Business Ethics 159:1, 267-280. [Crossref] 421. Yang Jiang, Peiqin Gu, Yulin Chen, Dongquan He, Qizhi Mao. 2019. Modelling household travel energy consumption and CO2 emissions based on the spatial form of neighborhoods and streets: A case study of Jinan, China. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 77, 101134. [Crossref] 422. · DOI
  47. Sarah E. Wolfolds, Jordan Siegel. 2019. Misaccounting for endogeneity: The peril of relying on the Heckman two-step method without a valid instrument. Strategic Management Journal 40:3, 432-462. [Crossref] 451. E. Richard Gold, Jean-Frédéric Morin, Erica Shadeed. 2019. Does intellectual property lead to economic growth? Insights from a novel IP dataset. Regulation & Governance 13:1, 107-124. [Crossref] 452. Michel Berthélemy, Petyo Bonev, Damien Dussaux, Magnus Söderberg. 2019. Methods for strengthening a weak instrument in the case of a persistent treatment. Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics 23:1. . [Crossref] 453. Kellyn F Arnold, Wendy J Harrison, Alison J Heppenstall, Mark S Gilthorpe. 2019. DAG-informed regression modelling, agent-based modelling and microsimulation modelling: a critical comparison of methods for causal inference. International Journal of Epidemiology 48:1, 243-253. [Crossref] 454. Binlei Gong. 2019. Like father like son? Revisiting the role of parental education in estimating returns to education in China. Review of Development Economics 23:1, 275-292. [Crossref] 455. Alirah Emmanuel Weyori, Sabine Liebenehm, Hermann Waibel. 2019. The impact of integrated livestock disease management for food security in Togo. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 17:1, 1-17. [Crossref] 456. A. G. Hopkins. 2019. Fifty years of African economic history. Economic History of Developing Regions 34:1, 1-15. [Crossref] 457. Jiaxiu He, Haoming Liu, Alberto Salvo. 2019. Severe Air Pollution and Labor Productivity: Evidence from Industrial Towns in China. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 11:1, 173-201. · DOI
  48. Neil M. Davies, Matt Dickson, George Davey Smith, Gerard J. van den Berg, Frank Windmeijer. 2018. The causal effects of education on health outcomes in the UK Biobank. Nature Human Behaviour 2:2, 117-125. [Crossref] 521. Mohamed Arouri, Cuong Viet Nguyen. 2018. Does International Migration Affect Labor Supply, Non-farm Diversification and Welfare of Households? Evidence from Egypt. International Migration 56:1, 39-62. [Crossref] 522. Hung-Han Lin. 2018. Number of siblings and educational attainment: application of son preference. Applied Economics Letters 25:2, 83-86. [Crossref] 523. Oliviero A. Carboni, Giuseppe Medda. 2018. R&D, export and investment decision: evidence from European firms. Applied Economics 50:2, 187-201. [Crossref] 524. Matthias Blum. Measurement and Metrics 379-384. [Crossref] 525. Margaret Burchinal, Martine Broekhuizen. Methodological Issues in Research on the Sustainable Development of the Next Generation 343-358. [Crossref] 526. Thomas Hinz. Methoden der Arbeitsmarktforschung 479-524. [Crossref] 527. Florian Flachenecker. 2018. The causal impact of material productivity on macroeconomic competitiveness in the European Union. Environmental Economics and Policy Studies 20:1, 17-46. [Crossref] 528. Jun-Koo Kang, Wei-Lin Liu, Angie Low, Le Zhang. 2018. Friendly boards and innovation. Journal of Empirical Finance 45, 1-25. [Crossref] 529. Kevin D. Hoover. Causality in Economics and Econometrics 1446-1457. [Crossref] 530. Joshua D. Angrist. Treatment Effect 13862-13869. [Crossref] 531. Paul J. Burke, Ataklti Teame. 2018. Fuel Prices and Road Deaths in Australia. SSRN Electronic Journal 107. . [Crossref] 532. · DOI
  49. Adam J. Davis, Karl R. Geisler, Mark W. Nichols. 2016. The price elasticity of marijuana demand: evidence from crowd-sourced transaction data. Empirical Economics 50:4, 1171-1192. [Crossref] 659. Zareh Asatryan. 2016. The indirect effects of direct democracy: local government size and non- budgetary voter initiatives in Germany. International Tax and Public Finance 23:3, 580-601. [Crossref] 660. Emanuele Millemaci, Ferdinando Ofria. 2016. Supply and demand-side determinants of productivity growth in Italian regions. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics 37, 138-146. [Crossref] 661. Jacob Nielsen Arendt, Chantal Pohl Nielsen, Vibeke Jakobsen. 2016. The Importance of Origin and Destination Country Skills for Labour Market Attachment of Immigrants from Pakistan, Iran and Turkey. Nordic Journal of Migration Research 6:2, 72. [Crossref] 662. Joaquim Filipe Ferraz Esteves de Araujo, Francisca Tejedo-Romero. 2016. Local government transparency index: determinants of municipalities' rankings. International Journal of Public Sector Management 29:4, 327-347. [Crossref] 663. Cornelius A. Rietveld, Dinand Webbink. 2016. On the genetic bias of the quarter of birth instrument. Economics & Human Biology 21, 137-146. [Crossref] 664. Brendan Kline. 2016. Identification of the Direction of a Causal Effect by Instrumental Variables. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 34:2, 176-184. [Crossref] 665. Daniel Schneider, Kristen Harknett, Sara McLanahan. 2016. Intimate Partner Violence in the Great Recession. Demography 53:2, 471-505. [Crossref] 666. Dongya Li, Yi Lu, Travis Ng, Jun Yang. 2016. Does Trade Credit Boost Firm Performance?. Economic Development and Cultural Change 64:3, 573-602. [Crossref] 667. Gabriela Calderon, Leonardo Iacovone, Laura Juarez. 2016. Opportunity versus Necessity: Understanding the Heterogeneity of Female Micro-Entrepreneurs. The World Bank Economic Review 13, lhw010. [Crossref] 668. Erica Frantz, Barbara Geddes. 2016. The Legacy of Dictatorship for Democratic Parties in Latin America. Journal of Politics in Latin America 8:1, 3-32. [Crossref] 669. Tatiana Polonyankina. 2016. The Impact of Immigration on Occupational Specialization of European Union Citizens. Politická ekonomie 64:2, 193-208. [Crossref] 670. Sergi Vidal, Francisco Perales, Janeen Baxter. 2016. Dynamics of Domestic Labor Across Short-and Long-Distance Family Relocations. Journal of Marriage and Family 78:2, 364-382. [Crossref] 671. William W. Olney. 2016. IMPACT OF CORRUPTION ON FIRM-LEVEL EXPORT DECISIONS. Economic Inquiry 54:2, 1105-1127. [Crossref] 672. Samuel G. Schumacher, Hojoon Sohn, Zhi Zhen Qin, Genevieve Gore, J. Lucian Davis, Claudia M. Denkinger, Madhukar Pai. 2016. Impact of Molecular Diagnostics for Tuberculosis on Patient- Important Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Study Methodologies. PLOS ONE 11:3, e0151073. [Crossref] 673. Paulo Aguiar do Monte, Hélio de Sousa Ramos Filho. 2016. The Brazilian cash transfer programme, regional effects, and its impact on the labour market. International Review of Applied Economics 30:2, 255-271. [Crossref] 674. · DOI
  50. Elizabeth L. Ogburn, Scott L. Zeger. 2016. Statistical Reasoning and Methods in Epidemiology to Promote Individualized Health: In Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. American Journal of Epidemiology 183:5, 427-434. [Crossref] 680. Alberto Manconi, Massimo Massa, Lei Zhang. 2016. Bondholder Concentration and Credit Risk: Evidence from a Natural Experiment *. Review of Finance 20:1, 127-159. [Crossref] 681. · DOI
  51. Mary K. Mathenge, Melinda Smale, John Olwande. 2014. The impacts of hybrid maize seed on the welfare of farming households in Kenya. Food Policy 44, 262-271. [Crossref] 842. Giovanni Russo, Federico Tedeschi, Aura Reggiani, Peter Nijkamp. 2014. Commuter Effects on Local Labour Markets: A German Modelling Study. Urban Studies 51:3, 493-508. [Crossref] 843. Spyros Konstantopoulos, Anne Traynor. 2014. Class Size Effects on Reading Achievement Using PIRLS Data: Evidence from Greece. Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 116:2, 1-29. [Crossref] 844. Ioana Popovici, Michael T. French, Rosalie L. Pacula, Johanna C. Maclean, Olena Antonaccio. 2014. Cannabis Use and Antisocial Behavior among Youth. Sociological Inquiry 84:1, 131-162. [Crossref] 845. Md. Jamal Uddin, Rolf H. H. Groenwold, Anthonius de Boer, Svetlana V. Belitser, Kit C. B. Roes, Arno W. Hoes, Olaf H. Klungel. 2014. Performance of instrumental variable methods in cohort and nested case-control studies: a simulation study. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 23:2, 165-177. [Crossref] 846. Emanuele Millemaci, Ferdinando Ofria. 2014. Kaldor-Verdoorn's law and increasing returns to scale. Journal of Economic Studies 41:1, 140-162. [Crossref] 847. · DOI
  52. Cameron N. McIntosh. 2014. The presence of an error term does not preclude causal inference in regression: a comment on Krause (2012). Quality & Quantity 48:1, 243-250. [Crossref] 848. Jorge Manzi, Ernesto San Martín, Sébastien Van Bellegem. 2014. School System Evaluation by Value Added Analysis Under Endogeneity. Psychometrika 79:1, 130-153. [Crossref] 849. Gabriel Montes-Rojas, Antonio F. Galvao. 2014. Bayesian endogeneity bias modeling. Economics Letters 122:1, 36-39. [Crossref] 850. Robert Bauchmüller, Mette Gørtz, Astrid Würtz Rasmussen. 2014. Long-run benefits from universal high-quality preschooling. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 29:4, 457-470. [Crossref] 851. Huasheng Gao, Jarrad Harford, Kai Li. 2014. Investor Horizon and CEO Turnover-Performance Sensitivity. SSRN Electronic Journal 80. . [Crossref] 852. Zareh Asatryan. 2014. The Indirect Effects of Direct Democracy: Local Government Size and Non- Budgetary Voter Initiatives. SSRN Electronic Journal 80. . [Crossref] 853. Pierpaolo Parrotta, Dario Pozzoli, Davide Sala. 2014. Ethnic Diversity and Firms' Export Behavior. SSRN Electronic Journal 88. . [Crossref] 854. Young Kyung Do. 2014. The Effect of Sleep Duration on Body Weight in Adolescents: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. SSRN Electronic Journal 145. . [Crossref] 855. Fabio Gaetano Santeramo. 2014. On the Estimation of Supply and Demand Elasticities of Agricultural Commodites. SSRN Electronic Journal 20. . [Crossref] 856. · DOI
  53. John M. MacDonald, John R. Hipp, Charlotte Gill. 2013. The Effects of Immigrant Concentration on Changes in Neighborhood Crime Rates. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29:2, 191-215. [Crossref] 898. JONATHAN E. LEIGHTNER. 2013. THE DIMINISHING RETURNS TO ACCUMULATING FOREIGN RESERVES: IMPLICATIONS FOR CHINA, THE USA, AND THE WORLD. China Economic Policy Review 02:01, 1350004. [Crossref] 899. 김김김. 2013. Effects of time perspective on educational aspirations: Causal relationships based on instrumental variables such as cultural capital and significant others. Korean journal of sociology of education 23:2, 29-54. [Crossref] 900. · DOI
  54. Nicolas L. Ziebarth. 2013. Identifying the Effects of Bank Failures from a Natural Experiment in Mississippi during the Great Depression. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 5:1, 81-101. [Abstract] [View PDF article] [PDF with links] 916. · DOI
  55. Yihui Wang, Han Xia. 2012. Bank Monitoring and Corporate Loan Securitization. SSRN Electronic Journal 110. . [Crossref] 991. Samuel W. Malone, Neila Cáceres. 2012. Economic Growth, Political Institutions, and Leadership Transitions. SSRN Electronic Journal 50. . [Crossref] 992. Daniel Armanios, Charles E. Eesley, Jizhen Li, Kathleen M. Eisenhardt. 2012. Government Officials or Mixed Institutions: How do Ventures Acquire Public Sector Investment in Emerging Economies?. SSRN Electronic Journal 19. . [Crossref] 993. Martin Carnoy, Prashant Loyalka, Greg V. Androushchak, Anna Proudnikova. 2012. The Economic Returns to Higher Education in the BRIC Countries and Their Implications for Higher Education Expansion. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 994. Ilona Babenko, Benjamin Bennett, John M. Bizjak, Jeffrey L. Coles. 2012. Clawback Provisions. SSRN Electronic Journal 16. . [Crossref] 995. Katharina Ley, Jussi Keppo. 2012. The Credits that Count: How Credit Growth and Financial Aid Affect College Tuition and Fees. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 996. Yufeng Han, Thomas H. Noe, Michael J. Rebello. 2012. Horses for Courses: Fund Managers and Organizational Structures. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 997. Federico Tedeschi, Aura Reggiani, Peter Nijkamp. 2012. Spatial Commuting Patterns of German Regional Labour Markets: A Sustainability Perspective. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 998. Chia-Yen Lee, Andrew Johnson. 2012. Rational Inefficiency: A Nash-Cournot Oligopolistic Market Equilibrium. SSRN Electronic Journal 13. . [Crossref] 999. Huasheng Gao, Michael Lemmon, Kai Li. 2012. Are CEOs in U.S. Public Firms Overpaid? New Evidence from Private Firms. SSRN Electronic Journal 107. . [Crossref] 1000. Yun Dai, Sebastian Gryglewicz, Han Smit. 2012. Learning Effect in Toehold Acquisitions. SSRN Electronic Journal 80. . [Crossref] 1001. · DOI
  56. Gabriel H. Sahlgren. 2012. Work 'Til You Drop: Short-and Longer-Term Health Effects of Retirement in Europe. SSRN Electronic Journal 82. . [Crossref] 1002. · DOI
  57. Timothy Fan. 2012. Executive Compensation and the Covenant Structure of Debt. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1003. Hong Ding. 2012. Unemployment and Welfare State: What Do the Data Tell Us?. SSRN Electronic Journal 13. . [Crossref] 1004. · DOI
  58. Liangfei Qiu, Qian Tang, Andrew B. Whinston. 2012. Social Learning and Network Effects in Social Media: Evidence from Youtube. SSRN Electronic Journal 91. . [Crossref] 1005. Hong Ding. 2012. Is Government's Help for Unemployed People Helpful for the Society? An Empirical Study on Macro Data of Public Unemployment Spending in OECD Nations. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1006. Marek Hlavac. 2012. English Language Proficiency and Occupational Choice: Evidence from Childhood Immigrants into the United States. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1007. · DOI
  59. Emanuele Millemaci, Ferdinando Ofria. 2012. Kaldor-Verdoorn's Law and Increasing Returns to Scale: A Comparison Across Developed Countries. SSRN Electronic Journal 60. . [Crossref] 1008. · DOI
  60. Gina S. Lovasi, Stephanie Grady, Andrew Rundle. 2011. Steps Forward: Review and Recommendations for Research on Walkability, Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health. Public Health Reviews 33:2, 484-506. [Crossref] 1011. Patrick Gaulé, Nicolas Maystre. 2011. Getting cited: Does open access help?. Research Policy 40:10, 1332-1338. [Crossref] 1012. Daniel Kim, Christopher F. Baum, Michael L. Ganz, S.V. Subramanian, Ichiro Kawachi. 2011. The contextual effects of social capital on health: A cross-national instrumental variable analysis. Social Science & Medicine 73:12, 1689-1697. [Crossref] 1013. ALLEN BLACKMAN, JORGE RIVERA. 2011. Producer-Level Benefits of Sustainability Certification. Conservation Biology 25:6, 1176-1185. [Crossref] 1014. Adrien Minard, Aurélien Robert. 2011. Évolution microbienne et histoire humaine. Entretien avec Jared Diamond. Tracés :21, 217-234. [Crossref] 1015. Don M. Autore, Irena Hutton, Tunde Kovacs. 2011. Accelerated Equity Offers and Firm Quality. European Financial Management 17:5, 835-859. [Crossref] 1016. · DOI
  61. Cullen F. Goenner. 2011. Simultaneity between Trade and Conflict: Endogenous Instruments of Mass Destruction. Conflict Management and Peace Science 28:5, 459-477. [Crossref] 1017. · DOI
  62. Garrett P. Sonnier, Leigh McAlister, Oliver J. Rutz. 2011. A Dynamic Model of the Effect of Online Communications on Firm Sales. Marketing Science 30:4, 702-716. [Crossref] 1035. Rachel Milstein Sondheimer. Analyzing the Downstream Effects of Randomized Experiments 494-507. [Crossref] 1036. · DOI
  63. Pengjie Gao, Jia Hao, Ivalina Kalcheva, Tongshu Ma. 2011. Short-Selling, Uptick Rule, and Market Quality: Evidence from High-Frequency Data on Hong Kong Stock Exchange. SSRN Electronic Journal 56. . [Crossref] 1060. Norman Braun, Roger David Berger. 2011. Effects of Suppression Policy in a Market for Heroin: A Natural Quasi-Experiment. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1061. · DOI
  64. Katharina Ley, Jussi Keppo. 2011. The Credits that Count: How Credit Growth and Financial Aid Affect College Tuition and Fees. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1062. Emilia Garcia-Appendini. 2011. Supplier Certification and Trade Credit. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1063. Regula Geel, Uschi Backes-Gellner. 2011. Career Entry and Success after Tertiary Vocational Education. SSRN Electronic Journal 116. . [Crossref] 1064. Deanna Malatesta. 2011. Simultaneous Equation Models. SSRN Electronic Journal 96. . [Crossref] 1065. Hernan Galperin, Christian A. Ruzzier. 2011. Broadband Tariffs in Latin America: Benchmarking and Analysis. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1066. · DOI
  65. Michael P. Murray. 2011. Avoiding the Pitfalls of Instrumental Variables Estimation with Few or Many Instruments. SSRN Electronic Journal 113. . [Crossref] 1070. · DOI
  66. Brad R. Humphreys, John A. Nyman, Jane E. Ruseski. 2011. The Effect of Gambling on Health: Evidence from Canada. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1071. · DOI
  67. Fabienne Miller, Justin Wang. 2011. Investigation of the Impact of the Massachusetts Health Care Reform on Hospital Costs and Quality of Care. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1074. · DOI
  68. David I. Stern. 2011. From Correlation to Granger Causality. SSRN Electronic Journal 106. . [Crossref] 1077. Jesse Bockstedt, Anant Mishra, Cheryl Druehl. 2011. Do Participation Strategy and Experience Impact the Likelihood of Winning in Unblind Innovation Contests?. SSRN Electronic Journal 80. . [Crossref] 1078. Tomáš Otáhal. 2011. Economic History as a Methodological Implication of Karel Engliš's Teleology (in Czech). SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1079. Margarita Tsoutsoura. 2011. The Effect of Succession Taxes on Family Firm Investment: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. SSRN Electronic Journal 58. . [Crossref] 1080. · DOI
  69. M. Alan Brookhart, Jeremy A. Rassen, Sebastian Schneeweiss. 2010. Instrumental variable methods in comparative safety and effectiveness research. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 19:6, 537-554. [Crossref] 1109. Steven Tenn, Douglas A. Herman, Brett Wendling. 2010. The role of education in the production of health: An empirical analysis of smoking behavior. Journal of Health Economics 29:3, 404-417. [Crossref] 1110. Gary V. Engelhardt, Michael D. Eriksen, William G. Gale, Gregory B. Mills. 2010. What are the social benefits of homeownership? Experimental evidence for low-income households. Journal of Urban Economics 67:3, 249-258. [Crossref] 1111. · DOI
  70. Daniel E. Ortega. 2010. Human Development of Peoples. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 11:2, 229-257. [Crossref] 1113. Markus Brückner. 2010. Population Size and Civil Conflict Risk: Is there a Causal Link?. The Economic Journal 120:544, 535-550. [Crossref] 1114. Markus Brückner, Antonio Ciccone. 2010. International Commodity Prices, Growth and the Outbreak of Civil War in Sub-Saharan Africa. The Economic Journal 120:544, 519-534. [Crossref] 1115. Regina T. Riphahn, Martina Eschelbach, Guido Heineck, Steffen Müller. 2010. Kosten und Nutzen der Ausbildung an Tertiärbildungsinstitutionen im Vergleich. Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik 11:2, 103-131. [Crossref] 1116. K. Arrow. 2010. Some Developments in Economic Theory Since 1940: An Eyewitness Account. Voprosy Ekonomiki :4, 4-23. [Crossref] 1117. · DOI
  71. Fali Huang, Myoung-Jae Lee. 2010. Dynamic treatment effect analysis of TV effects on child cognitive development. Journal of Applied Econometrics 25:3, 392-419. [Crossref] 1119. Premchand Dommaraju. 2010. Instruction des femmes et évolution du mariage en Inde. Population Vol. 64:4, 757-775. [Crossref] 1120. Elyas Elyasiani, Jingyi Jia. 2010. Distribution of institutional ownership and corporate firm performance. Journal of Banking & Finance 34:3, 606-620. [Crossref] 1121. Bersant Hobdari, Derek C Jones, Niels Mygind. 2010. Corporate Governance and Liquidity Constraints: A Dynamic Analysis. Comparative Economic Studies 52:1, 82-103. [Crossref] 1122. Richard Fabling, Arthur Grimes. 2010. HR practices and New Zealand firm performance: what matters and who does it?. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 21:4, 488-508. [Crossref] 1123. · DOI
  72. Omesh Kini, Michael J. Rebello, Jun Wang. 2010. Patterns in Recommendation Changes, Investor Perceptions, and the Structure of Analysts' Research Portfolios. SSRN Electronic Journal 51. . [Crossref] 1137. Magnus Henrekson, Dan Johansson. 2010. Firm Growth, Institutions and Structural Transformation. SSRN Electronic Journal 3. . [Crossref] 1138. Boris Augurzky, Arndt Reichert, Harald Tauchmann. 2010. The Effect of Self-Assessed Job Security on the Demand for Medical Rehab. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1139. · DOI
  73. Nishant Dass, Omesh Kini, Vikram K. Nanda, Bunyamin Onal, Jun Wang. 2010. Board Expertise: Do Directors from Related Industries Help Bridge the Information Gap?. SSRN Electronic Journal 62. . [Crossref] 1140. Rüdiger Fahlenbrach, Angie Low, Rene M. Stulz. 2010. The Dark Side of Outside Directors: Do They Quit When They are Most Needed?. SSRN Electronic Journal 62. . [Crossref] 1141. · DOI
  74. Edward Huang, Adib Kanafani. 2010. Taxing for Takeoff: Estimating Airport Tax Incidence Through Natural Experiments. SSRN Electronic Journal 81. . [Crossref] 1142. · DOI
  75. Ryan S. Jablonski, Steven Oliver. 2010. The Political Economy of Plunder: Economic Opportunity and Modern Piracy. SSRN Electronic Journal 91. . [Crossref] 1143. Koen van der Veer. 2010. The Private Credit Insurance Effect on Trade. SSRN Electronic Journal 11. . [Crossref] 1144. Geneviève Verdier, Erasmus Kersting, Era Dabla-Norris. 2010. Firm Productivity, innovation and Financial Development. IMF Working Papers 10:49, 1. [Crossref] 1145. Georges Dionne, Mélissa La Haye, Anne-Sophie Bergerès. 2010. Does Asymmetric Information Affect the Premium in Mergers and Acquisitions?. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1146. Victoria Reyes-García, Ricardo A. Godoy, Vincent Vadez, Isabel Ruíz-Mallén, Tomás Huanca, William R. Leonard, Thomas W. McDade, Susan Tanner. 2009. The Pay-Offs to Sociability. Human Nature 20:4, 431-446. [Crossref] 1147. Stefan Bauernschuster, Oliver Falck, Stephan Heblich. 2009. Training and Innovation. Journal of Human Capital 3:4, 323-353. [Crossref] 1148. Alexander Sharabaroff, Roy Boyd, Ariaster Chimeli. 2009. The environmental and efficiency effects of restructuring on the electric power sector in the United States: An empirical analysis. Energy Policy 37:11, 4884-4893. [Crossref] 1149. Onur Baser. 2009. Too Much Ado about Instrumental Variable Approach: Is the Cure Worse than the Disease?. Value in Health 12:8, 1201-1209. [Crossref] 1150. Henrik Jordahl, Panu Poutvaara, Juha Tuomala. 2009. Education returns of wage earners and self- employed workers: Comment. Economics of Education Review 28:5, 641-644. [Crossref] 1151. Fali Huang, Myoung-jae Lee. 2009. DOES TELEVISION VIEWING AFFECT CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOUR?. Pacific Economic Review 14:4, 474-501. [Crossref] 1152. Peter G. Klein, Lasse B. Lien. Diversification, industry structure, and firm strategy: An organizational economics perspective 289-312. [Crossref] 1153. · DOI
  76. CAROLYN L. EVANS. 2009. A PROTECTIONIST BIAS IN MAJORITARIAN POLITICS: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION. Economics & Politics 21:2, 278-307. [Crossref] 1158. Werner Bönte, Oliver Falck, Stephan Heblich. 2009. The Impact of Regional Age Structure on Entrepreneurship. Economic Geography 85:3, 269-287. [Crossref] 1159. Marie-Claude Beaulieu, Marie-Hélène Gagnon, Lynda Khalaf. 2009. A cross-section analysis of financial market integration in North America using a four factor model. International Journal of Managerial Finance 5:3, 248-267. [Crossref] 1160. · DOI
  77. David S. Kirk. 2009. A Natural Experiment on Residential Change and Recidivism: Lessons from Hurricane Katrina. American Sociological Review 74:3, 484-505. [Crossref] 1161. Mary Gregory. 2009. Recent Developments in Labor Economics -Edited by John T. Addison. British Journal of Industrial Relations 47:2, 444-448. [Crossref] 1162. ANDREW LEIGH, MARK MCLEISH. 2009. Are State Elections Affected by the National Economy? Evidence from Australia*. Economic Record 85:269, 210-222. [Crossref] 1163. Ricardo Godoy, Victoria Reyes-García, Vincent Vadez, William R. Leonard, Susan Tanner, Tomás Huanca, David Wilkie. 2009. The relation between forest clearance and household income among native Amazonians: Results from the Tsimane' Amazonian panel study, Bolivia. Ecological Economics 68:6, 1864-1871. [Crossref] 1164. Richard Layte, Anne Nolan, Hannah McGee, Ann O'Hanlon. 2009. Do consultation charges deter general practitioner use among older people? A natural experiment. Social Science & Medicine 68:8, 1432-1438. [Crossref] 1165. Mark Carlson, Kris James Mitchener. 2009. Branch Banking as a Device for Discipline: Competition and Bank Survivorship during the Great Depression. Journal of Political Economy 117:2, 165-210. [Crossref] 1166. · DOI
  78. Brian Kelleher Richter, Jeffrey F. Timmons. 2009. Why Not Adopt Better Institutions?. SSRN Electronic Journal 117. . [Crossref] 1175. · DOI
  79. Christopher F. Parmeter, Jaren C. Pope. 2009. Quasi-Experiments and Hedonic Property Value Methods. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1177. Michela Braga. 2009. When the Manna Comes from Abroad -Remittances and Youth Labor Market Behavior in Albania. SSRN Electronic Journal 96. . [Crossref] 1178. Giuseppe Croce, Emanuela Ghignoni. 2009. Employer-Provided Training and Knowledge Spillovers: Evidence from Italian Local Labour Markets. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1179. · DOI
  80. M. Shahe Emran, Fenohasina Maret, Stephen C. Smith. 2009. Education and Freedom of Choice: Evidence from Arranged Marriages in Vietnam. SSRN Electronic Journal 1. . [Crossref] 1185. René Algesheimer, Sharad Borle, Utpal M. Dholakia, Siddharth S. Singh. 2009. The Impact of Customer Community Participation on Customer Behaviors: An Empirical Investigation. SSRN Electronic Journal 69. . [Crossref] 1186. · DOI
  81. Lawrence M. Berger, Theresa Heintze, Wendy B. Naidich, Marcia K. Meyers. 2008. Subsidized Housing and Household Hardship Among Low-Income Single-Mother Households. Journal of Marriage and Family 70:4, 934-949. [Crossref] 1197. Nigel Key, William D. McBride. 2008. Do Production Contracts Raise Farm Productivity? An Instrumental Variables Approach. Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 37:2, 176-187. [Crossref] 1198. · DOI
  82. M. Maria Glymour, Jennifer Weuve, Jarvis T. Chen. 2008. Methodological Challenges in Causal Research on Racial and Ethnic Patterns of Cognitive Trajectories: Measurement, Selection, and Bias. Neuropsychology Review 18:3, 194-213. [Crossref] 1199. Marco A. Castaneda, Dino Falaschetti. 2008. Does a Hospital's Profit Status Affect its Operational Scope?. Review of Industrial Organization 33:2, 129-159. [Crossref] 1200. · DOI
  83. Robert W. Wassmer. 2008. Causes of Urban Sprawl in the United States: Auto reliance as compared to natural evolution, flight from blight, and local revenue reliance. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27:3, 536-555. [Crossref] 1212. · DOI
  84. Hisham S. El-Osta, Mitchell J. Morehart. 2008. Determinants of Poverty among U.S. Farm Households. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 40:1, 1-20. [Crossref] 1215. · DOI
  85. Hisham S. El-Osta, Mitchell J. Morehart. 2008. Determinants of Poverty among U.S. Farm Households. Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 40:1, 1-20. [Crossref] 1216. · DOI
  86. John J. Cheslock, Matt Gianneschi. 2008. Replacing State Appropriations with Alternative Revenue Sources: The Case of Voluntary Support. The Journal of Higher Education 79:2, 208-229. [Crossref] 1220. Tae-Ryong Park, John M. Brooks, Elizabeth A. Chrischilles, George Bergus. 2008. Estimating the Effect of Treatment Rate Changes When Treatment Benefits Are Heterogeneous: Antibiotics and Otitis Media. Value in Health 11:2, 304-314. [Crossref] 1221. · DOI
  87. Sonja E. Siennick, D. Wayne Osgood. A Review of Research on the Impact on Crime of Transitions to Adult Roles 161-187. [Crossref] 1224. · DOI
  88. Jon H. Fiva, Marte Rønning. 2008. The incentive effects of property taxation: Evidence from Norwegian school districts. Regional Science and Urban Economics 38:1, 49-62. [Crossref] 1225. HYLKE VANDENBUSSCHE. 2008. Comment: Upland Cotton Case. World Trade Review 7:1, 211-217. [Crossref] 1226. Adam Przeworski. Identifying the Causal Effect of Political Regimes on Employment 290-313. [Crossref] 1227. Shawn Bushway, Peter Reuter. 2008. Economists' Contribution to the Study of Crime and the Criminal Justice System. Crime and Justice 37:1, 389-451. [Crossref] 1228. Meghana Ayyagari, Asli Demirgüç-Kunt, Vojislav Maksimovic. 2008. How Important Are Financing Constraints? The Role of Finance in the Business Environment. The World Bank Economic Review 22:3, 483-516. [Crossref] 1229. Eric Zitzewitz. 2008. An Eliot Effect? Prosecutorial Discretion in Mutual Fund Settlement Negotiations, 2003-7. SSRN Electronic Journal 62. . [Crossref] 1230. Shane Magee. 2008. The Effect of Foreign Currency Hedging on the Probability of Financial Distress. SSRN Electronic Journal 20. . [Crossref] 1231. · DOI
  89. Omesh Kini, Shehzad L. Mian, Michael J. Rebello, Anand Venkateswaran. 2008. Core Specialization, Forecast Accuracy, and the Market for International Analysts. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1234. Steven Tenn, Douglas A. Herman, Brett W. Wendling. 2008. The Role of Education in the Production of Health: An Empirical Analysis of Smoking Behavior. SSRN Electronic Journal 10. . [Crossref] 1235. Arjen Mulder, Alfred Slager. 2008. The (Un)Profitability of Bank Internationalization. SSRN Electronic Journal 21. . [Crossref] 1236. Henrik Jordahl, Panu Poutvaara, Juha Tuomala. 2008. Comment on Education Returns of Wage Earners and Self-Employed Workers. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1237. · DOI
  90. Jared M. Hansen, Eric A. Walden. 2008. Ethical and Legal Awareness in Unauthorized Downloading of Intellectual Property: The Role of Restrictedness of Use. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1238. Antonio Ciccone. 2008. Gender Gaps in Policy Making: Evidence from Direct Democracy in Switzerland. SSRN Electronic Journal 4. . [Crossref] 1239. · DOI
  91. Patrick Gaule, Nicolas Maystre. 2008. Getting Cited: Does Open Access Help?. SSRN Electronic Journal 19. . [Crossref] 1240. · DOI
  92. Vandana Ramachandran, Siva Viswanathan, Sanjay Gosain. 2008. The Impact of Online Information on the Value of Quality Signals in Traditional Markets. SSRN Electronic Journal 84. . [Crossref] 1241. Joshua D. Angrist. Treatment Effect 1-8. [Crossref] 1242. Kevin D. Hoover. Causality in Economics and Econometrics 1-13. [Crossref] 1243. · DOI
  93. Richard P. Nathan. 2008. The role of random assignment in social policy research. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 27:2, 401-415. [Crossref] 1244. Benno J. Ndulu, Stephen A. O'Connell. Policy plus: African growth performance, 1960-2000 3-75. [Crossref] 1245. Paul Grootendorst. 2007. A review of instrumental variables estimation of treatment effects in the applied health sciences. Health Services and Outcomes Research Methodology 7:3-4, 159-179. [Crossref] 1246. Alexis Dinno. 2007. Loop analysis of causal feedback in epidemiology: An illustration relating to urban neighborhoods and resident depressive experiences. Social Science & Medicine 65:10, 2043-2057. [Crossref] 1247. · DOI
  94. Benjamin Crost, Bhavani Shankar, Richard Bennett, Stephen Morse. 2007. Bias from Farmer Self- Selection in Genetically Modified Crop Productivity Estimates: Evidence from Indian Data. Journal of Agricultural Economics 58:1, 24-36. [Crossref] 1263. Reiner Eichenberger, Mark Schelker. 2007. Independent and competing agencies: An effective way to control government. Public Choice 130:1-2, 79-98. [Crossref] 1264. Giorgio Brunello, Francesca Gambarotto. 2007. Do spatial agglomeration and local labor market competition affect employer-provided training? Evidence from the UK. Regional Science and Urban Economics 37:1, 1-21. [Crossref] 1265. Simeon Djankov, Marta Reynal-Querol. 2007. The Colonial Origins of Civil War. SSRN Electronic Journal 117. . [Crossref] 1266. Antonio Ciccone, Markus Bruckner. 2007. Growth, Democracy, and Civil War. SSRN Electronic Journal 4. . [Crossref] 1267. Alan de Brauw. 2007. Seasonal Migration and Agriculture in Vietnam. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1268. Harald Tauchmann, Silja Göhlmann, Till Requate, Christoph M. Schmidt. 2007. Tobacco and Alcohol: Complements or Substitutes? A Structural Model Approach. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1269. · DOI
  95. Jayant R. Kale, Ebru Reis, Anand Venkateswaran. 2007. Rank Order Tournaments and Incentive Alignment: The Effect on Firm Performance. SSRN Electronic Journal 58. . [Crossref] 1270. Zuzana Fungacova. 2007. Can the Market Fix a Wrong Administrative Decision? Massive Delisting on the Prague Stock Exchange. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1271. Magnus Henrekson. 2007. Entrepreneurship and Institutions. SSRN Electronic Journal 113. . [Crossref] 1272. Myoung-Hee Kim, Young Kyung Do. 2007. Strengthening Causal Inference in Studies using Non- experimental Data: An Application of Propensity Score and Instrumental Variable Methods. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health 40:6, 495. [Crossref] 1273. Jan Hanousek, Evžen Kočenda, Jan Svejnar. 2007. Origin and concentration. Economics of Transition 15:1, 1-31. [Crossref] 1274. Shin-Yi Chou, Jin-Tan Liu, James K. Hammitt. 2006. Households' precautionary behaviors-the effects of the introduction of National Health Insurance in Taiwan. Review of Economics of the Household 4:4, 395-421. [Crossref] 1275. · DOI
  96. James A. Robinson. 2006. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRACY. Annual Review of Political Science 9:1, 503-527. [Crossref] 1282. Kathryn Graddy. 2006. Markets: The Fulton Fish Market. Journal of Economic Perspectives 20:2, 207-220. [Abstract] [View PDF article] [PDF with links] 1283. · DOI
  97. Andrea F. Presbitero. 2006. Institutions and geography as sources of economic development. Journal of International Development 18:3, 351-378. [Crossref] 1284. · DOI
  98. Neil O. Alper, Gregory H. Wassall. Chapter 23 Artists' Careers and Their Labor Markets 813-864. [Crossref] 1290. · DOI
  99. James J. Heckman, Lance J. Lochner, Petra E. Todd. Chapter 7 Earnings Functions, Rates of Return and Treatment Effects: The Mincer Equation and Beyond 307-458. [Crossref] 1291. Murali Patibandla. 2006. Equity pattern, corporate governance and performance: A study of India's corporate sector. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 59:1, 29-44. [Crossref] 1292. Lubomira Anastassova. 2006. Productivity Differences and Agglomeration Across Districts of Great Britain. SSRN Electronic Journal 90. . [Crossref] 1293. Reiner Eichenberger, Mark Schelker. 2006. Controlling Government by Democratically-Elected, Competing Political Bodies. SSRN Electronic Journal 25. . [Crossref] 1294. · DOI
  100. Michael P. Murray. 2006. The Bad, the Weak, and the Ugly: Avoiding the Pitfalls of Instrumental Variables Estimation. SSRN Electronic Journal 91. . [Crossref] 1295. · DOI
  101. Michael Waldman, Sean Nicholson, Nodir Adilov. 2006. Does Television Cause Autism?. SSRN Electronic Journal 107. . [Crossref] 1300. Harry Patrinos, Chris Sakellariou. 2005. Schooling and Labor Market Impacts of a Natural Policy Experiment. Labour 19:4, 705-719. [Crossref] 1301. · DOI
  102. Scott L. Baier, Jeffrey H. Bergstrand. 2005. Do Free Trade Agreements Actually Increase Members' International Trade?. SSRN Electronic Journal 65. . [Crossref] 1310. Mark Schelker. 2005. Fiscal Decentralization: Efficiency vs. Redistribution? An Institutional Feature to Resolve the Trade-Off. SSRN Electronic Journal 114. . [Crossref] 1311. · DOI
  103. Kevin D. Hoover. 2005. The Methodology of Econometrics. SSRN Electronic Journal 41. . [Crossref] 1312. Tobias Schmidt. 2005. Knowledge Flows and R&D Co-Operation: Firm-Level Evidence from Germany. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1313. Jonathan Klick, Thomas Stratmann. 2005. How Sensitive are Seniors to the Price of Prescription Drugs?. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1314. Victor Chernozhukov, Christian Hansen. 2005. The Reduced Form: A Simple Approach to Inference with Weak Instruments. SSRN Electronic Journal 91. . [Crossref] 1315. · DOI
  104. Jan C. van Ours. 2004. A pint a day raises a man's pay; but smoking blows that gain away. Journal of Health Economics 23:5, 863-886. [Crossref] 1322. Clive R. Belfield, Henry M. Levin. 2004. Should high school economics courses be compulsory?. Economics of Education Review 23:4, 351-360. [Crossref] 1323. Edward Miguel, Shanker Satyanath, Ernest Sergenti. 2004. Economic Shocks and Civil Conflict: An Instrumental Variables Approach. Journal of Political Economy 112:4, 725-753. [Crossref] 1324. Barry T. Hirsch. 2004. Reconsidering union wage effects: Surveying new evidence on an old topic. Journal of Labor Research 25:2, 233-266. [Crossref] 1325. Costas Meghir. 2004. A Retrospective on Friedman's Theory of Permanent Income. The Economic Journal 114:496, F293-F306. [Crossref] 1326. · DOI
  105. David Dreyer Lassen. 2004. The Effect of Information on Voter Turnout: Evidence from a Natural Experiment. SSRN Electronic Journal 19. . [Crossref] 1331. · DOI
  106. Andrea Filippo Presbitero. 2004. The Determinants of Economic Development: Institutions or Geography?. SSRN Electronic Journal 91. . [Crossref] 1332. · DOI
  107. Timothy J. Bartik. 2003. Evaluating the Impacts of Local Economic Development Policies On Local Economic Outcomes: What Has Been Done and What is Doable?. SSRN Electronic Journal 15. . [Crossref] 1341. · DOI
  108. Renee B. Adams, Heitor Almeida, Daniel Ferreira. 2003. Understanding the Relationship between Founder-CEOs and Firm Performance. SSRN Electronic Journal 58. . [Crossref] 1342. · DOI
  109. A. Dalmazzo, Guido De Blasio. 2003. Social Returns to Education: Evidence From Italian Local Labor Market Areas. IMF Working Papers 03:165, 1. [Crossref] 1343. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Angrist, J. D., & Krueger, A. B.
Affiliations
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • Princeton University (US)
ORCID
Angrist, Joshua D
Venue
Journal of Economic Perspectives
Publisher
American Economic Association
Published
2001-11-01
Volume
15
Issue
4
Pages
69-85
ISSN
0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1257/jep.15.4.69
OpenAlex
W3123059484
Cited by
2,355
References
98
Citations by year
2026: 58 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 116 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 124 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 113 · 2012: 131
FWCI
28.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Monetary Policy and Economic Impact
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
Keywords
instrumental variables, identification, natural experiment, omitted variable bias, causal inference, supply and demand elasticities, measurement error, assessment validity, econometrics

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review