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Cited by 1,894Economic and Environmental ValuationDecision-Making and Behavioral EconomicsSurvey Methodology and Nonresponse

Contingent Valuation: Is Some Number Better than No Number?

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Diamond, Peter A, Hausman, Jerry A·1994·Journal of Economic Perspectives
DOI 10.1257/jep.8.4.45
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Abstract

Without market outcomes for comparison, internal consistency tests, particularly adding-up tests, are needed for credibility. When tested, contingent valuation has failed. Proponents find surveys tested poorly done. To the authors’ knowledge, no survey has passed these tests. The ‘embedding effect’ is the similarity of willingness-to-pay responses that theory suggests (and sometimes requires) be different. This problem has long been recognized but not solved. The authors conclude that current methods are not suitable for damage assessment or benefit-cost analysis. They believe the problems come from an absence of preferences, not a flaw in survey methodology, making improvement unlikely.

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  • One limitation of contingent valuation (CV) studies is that stated willingness to pay (WTP) may overstate true WTP, as some respondents may feel social pressure to indicate support for policies, even if they would not do so in an actual decision-making context.

    “One limitation of contingent valuation (CV) studies is that stated willingness to pay (WTP) may overstate true WTP, as some respondents may feel social pressure to indicate support for policies, even if they would not do so in an actual decision-making context.(Diamond and Hausman, 1994;List, 2025;Bursztyn et al., 2025).”

    From What is the Best Response? Examining the Impact of Police and Their Alternatives (2025) · cites this paper as Diamond and Hausman, 1994

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Diamond, P. A., & Hausman, J. A.
Affiliations
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
Venue
Journal of Economic Perspectives
Publisher
American Economic Association
Published
1994-11-01
Volume
8
Issue
4
Pages
45-64
ISSN
0895-3309 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1257/jep.8.4.45
OpenAlex
W1968513304
Cited by
1,894
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 14 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 61 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 72 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 87 · 2012: 65
FWCI
126.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Journal of Economic Perspectives (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economic and Environmental Valuation
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Survey Methodology and Nonresponse
Keywords
contingent valuation, willingness to pay, internal consistency test, embedding effect, non-market valuation, damage assessment, cost-benefit analysis, survey methodology

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