The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Retrospective Analysis of Maritime Cyber Security Incidents
Open accessAbstract
The maritime industry is undergoing a rapid evolution through the introduction of new technology and the digitization of existing services. At the same time, the digital attack surface is increasing, and incidents can lead to severe consequences. This study analyses and gives an overview of 46 maritime cyber security incidents from the last decade (2010-2020). We have collected information from open publications and reports, as well as anonymized data from insurance claims. Each incident is linked to a taxonomy of attack points related to onboard or off-ship systems, and the characteristics have been used to create a Top-10 list of maritime cyber threats. The results show that the maritime sector typically has incidents with low frequency and high impact, which makes them hard to predict and prepare for. We also infer that different types of attackers use a variety of attack points and techniques, hence there is no single solution to this problem.
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Sea crews using personal devices such as smartphones, tablets, or private USB devices could cause cybersecurity issues by receiving phishing emails or visiting malicious websites, and thus installing malicious viruses into vessel operational systems.
“Sea crews using personal devices (e.g., smartphone, tablet, private USB device) could cause cybersecurity issues by receiving phishing emails or visiting malicious websites, and thus installing malicious viruses into vessel operational systems (BIMCO, 2018;Meland et al., 2021;Ben Farah et al., 2022).”
From A BN driven FMEA approach to assess maritime cybersecurity risks (2023) · cites this paper as Meland et al., 2021
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Wohlin, C. (2014) · Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering · doi:10.1145/2601248.2601268 · Cited by 4,234 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, we applied a snowballing technique [83], which means that we screened our sources’ sources, to locate additional relevant literature that did not show up in our initial searches.”
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Research works printed but not linked: 10
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- Caprolu, M., Pietro, R.D., Raponi, S., Sciancalepore, S., Tedeschi, P.: Vessels Cybersecurity: Issues, Challenges, and the Road Ahead. IEEE Communications Magazine. 58, 6, 90–96 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.001.1900632. · DOI
- Jones, K.D., Tam, K., Papadaki, M.: Threats and Impacts in Maritime Cyber Security. Engineering & Technology Reference. 1, 1, (2016). https://doi.org/10.1049/etr.2015.0123. · DOI
- Polychronis, K.: Cybersecurity at Sea. In: Otto, L. (ed.) Global Challenges in Maritime Security. p. 243 Springer International Publishing (2020).
- Safety4Sea: Hurtigruten hit by cyber-attack, https://safety4sea.com/hurtigruten-hit-by-cyber-attack/, last accessed 2021/04/25. · DOI
- Tam, K., Jones, K.: Cyber-Risk Assessment for Autonomous Ships. In: 2018 International Conference on Cyber Security and Protection of Digital Services (Cyber Security). pp. 1–8 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/CyberSecPODS.2018.8560690. · DOI
- Tam, K., Moara-Nkwe, K., Jones, K.: A Conceptual Cyber-Risk Assessment of Port Infastructure. Presented at the 2021 World of Shipping Portugal. An International Research Conference on Maritime Affairs , Parede, Portugal January 29 (2021).
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- Weldemichael, A.T., Schneider, P., Winner, A.C.: Maritime Terrorism and Piracy in the Indian Ocean Region. Routledge (2017). · DOI
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A BN driven FMEA approach to assess maritime cybersecurity risks
Park, C., Kontovas, C., Yang, Z., & Chang, C.-H. (2023) · Ocean & Coastal Management · doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2023.106480 · Cited by 98
Metadata
- Authors
- Meland, P. H., Bernsmed, K., Wille, E., Rødseth, Ø. J., & Nesheim, D. A.
- Venue
- TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
- Publisher
- Faculty of Navigation
- Published
- 2021
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 519-530
- ISSN
- 2083-6473 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3199997066
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 11.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- TransNav the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Information and Cyber Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Security and Intrusion Detection
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies
- Keywords
- maritime cybersecurity, cyber incidents, attack taxonomy, onboard systems, health insurance claims
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