The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Drinking water contaminants and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review.
Open accessAbstract
Concern for exposures to drinking water contaminants and their effects on adverse birth outcomes has prompted several studies evaluating chlorination disinfection by-products and chlorinated solvents. Some of these contaminants are found to be teratogenic in animal studies. This review evaluates 14 studies on chlorination disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) and five studies on chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE). The adverse birth outcomes discussed in this review include small for gestational age (SGA), low birth weight, preterm birth, birth defects, spontaneous abortions, and fetal deaths. Because of heterogeneities across the studies in the characterization of birth outcomes, the assessment and categorization of exposures, and the levels and mixtures of contaminants, a qualitative review was conducted. Generally, the chief bias in these studies was exposure misclassification that most likely underestimated the risk, as well as distorted exposure-response relationships. The general lack of confounding bias by risk factors resulted from these factors not being associated with drinking water exposures. The studies of THMs and adverse birth outcomes provide moderate evidence for associations with SGA, neural tube defects (NTDs), and spontaneous abortions. Because fewer studies have been conducted for the chlorinated solvents than for THMs, the evidence for associations is less clear. Nevertheless, the findings of excess NTDs, oral clefts, cardiac defects, and choanal atresia in studies that evaluated TCE-contaminated drinking water deserve follow-up.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water and Spontaneous Abortion
Waller, K., Swan, S. H., DeLorenze, G., & Hopkins, B. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199803000-00006 · Cited by 434
Public Drinking Water Contamination and Birth Outcomes
Bove, F. J., Fulcomer, M. C., Klotz, J. B., Esmart, J., Dufficy, E. M., & Savrin, J. E. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117521 · Cited by 392
Self-citationDrinking water disinfection byproducts: review and approach to toxicity evaluation.
Boorman, G. A. (1999) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.99107s1207 · Cited by 373
Risk Factor Patterns for Cryptorchidism and Hypospadias
Akre, O., Lipworth, L., Cnattingius, S., Sparén, P., & Ekbom, A. (1999) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199907000-00005 · Cited by 370
Birth weight percentiles by gestational age in Canada.
Te, A., Wilkins, R., & Gj, S. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 354
Brenner, H., Berg, G., Lappus, N., Kliebsch, U., Bode, G., & Boeing, H. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 216
Exposure to Trihalomethanes and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Gallagher, M. D., Nuckols, J. R., Stallones, L. F., & Savitzl, D. A. (1998) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199809000-00003 · Cited by 206
Quality of Community Drinking Water and the Occurrence of Spontaneous Abortion
Aschengrau, A., Zierler, S., & Cohen, A. (1989) · Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal · doi:10.1080/00039896.1989.9935895 · Cited by 204
An association of human congenital cardiac malformations and drinking water contaminants
Goldberg, S. J., Lebowitz, M. D., Graver, E. J., & Hicks, S. (1990) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0735-1097(90)90473-3 · Cited by 167
Savitz, D. A., Andrews, K. W., & Pastore, L. M. (1995) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.95103592 · Cited by 163
Cited by
CHO cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity analyses of disinfection by-products: An updated review
Wagner, E. D., & Plewa, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2017.04.021 · Cited by 862
Haloacetonitriles vs. Regulated Haloacetic Acids: Are Nitrogen-Containing DBPs More Toxic?
Muellner, M. G., Wagner, E. D., McCalla, K., Richardson, S. D., Woo, Y.-T., & Plewa, M. J. (2007) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es0617441 · Cited by 751
The Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies in Europe
Dolk, H., Loane, M., & Garne, E. (2010) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9485-8_20 · Cited by 683
Plewa, M. J., Muellner, M. G., Richardson, S. D., Fasano, F., Buettner, K. M., Woo, Y.-T., McKague, A. B., & Wagner, E. D. (2008) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es071754h · Cited by 556
Wigle, D. T., Arbuckle, T. E., Turner, M. C., Bérubé, A., Yang, Q., Liu, S., & Krewski, D. R. (2008) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B · doi:10.1080/10937400801921320 · Cited by 477
Metadata
- Authors
- Bove, F., Shim, Y., & Zeitz, P.
- Affiliations
- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (US)
- ORCID
- Bove, Frank
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2002-02-01
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- suppl 1
- Pages
- 61-74
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC1241148
- OpenAlex
- W2064281606
- Semantic Scholar
- 2561318194f15119864e4543bddb846bdf42d5eb
- Cited by
- 315
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 12.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 5810 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Keywords
- drinking water contaminants, adverse pregnancy outcomes, chlorination by-products, trihalomethanes, chlorinated solvents, trichloroethylene, small for gestational age, low birth weight, preterm birth, congenital malformations, neural tube defects, miscarriage, fetal death, exposure misclassification, exposure-response relationship, teratogenicity
- MeSH terms
- Congenital Abnormalities, Abortion, Spontaneous, Adult, Chromosome Aberrations, Disease Models, Animal, Disinfectants, Female, Humans, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Solvents, Trichloroethylene, Water Pollutants, Water Supply, Trihalomethanes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Drinking water contaminants and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1289/ehp.02110s161
- The paper
- Bove, F., Shim, Y., & Zeitz, P. (2002). Drinking water contaminants and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a review. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.02110s161
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
