The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Lung cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality risks increase with smoking, secondhand smoke (SHS), and exposure to fine particulate matter < 2.5 μm in diameter (PM₂.₅) from ambient air pollution. Recent research indicates that the exposure-response relationship for CVD is nonlinear, with a steep increase in risk at low exposures and flattening out at higher exposures. Comparable estimates of the exposure-response relationship for lung cancer are required for disease burden estimates and related public health policy assessments. OBJECTIVES: We compared exposure-response relationships of PM₂.₅ with lung cancer and cardiovascular mortality and considered the implications of the observed differences for efforts to estimate the disease burden of PM2.5. METHODS: Prospective cohort data for 1.2 million adults were collected by the American Cancer Society as part of the Cancer Prevention Study II. We estimated relative risks (RRs) for increments of cigarette smoking, adjusting for various individual risk factors. RRs were plotted against estimated daily dose of PM₂.₅ from smoking along with comparison estimates for ambient air pollution and SHS. RESULTS: For lung cancer mortality, excess risk rose nearly linearly, reaching maximum RRs > 40 among long-term heavy smokers. Excess risks for CVD mortality increased steeply at low exposure levels and leveled off at higher exposures, reaching RRs of approximately 2-3 for cigarette smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The exposure-response relationship associated with PM₂.₅ is qualitatively different for lung cancer versus cardiovascular mortality. At low exposure levels, cardiovascular deaths are projected to account for most of the burden of disease, whereas at high levels of PM₂.₅, lung cancer becomes proportionately more important.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution
Pope III, C. A. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.287.9.1132 · Cited by 8,447
An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities
Dockery, D. W., Pope, C. A., Xu, X., Spengler, J. D., Ware, J. H., Fay, M. E., Ferris, B. G., & Speizer, F. E. (1993) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199312093292401 · Cited by 8,018
Self-citationHealth Effects of Fine Particulate Air Pollution: Lines that Connect
Pope, C. A., & Dockery, D. W. (2006) · Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association · doi:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464485 · Cited by 6,583
Self-citationBrook, R. D., Rajagopalan, S., Pope, C. A., Brook, J. R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A. V., Holguin, F., Hong, Y., Luepker, R. V., Mittleman, M. A., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3181dbece1 · Cited by 6,548
Self-citationParticulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults.
Pope, C. A., Thun, M. J., Namboodiri, M. M., Dockery, D. W., Evans, J. S., Speizer, F. E., & Heath, C. W. (1995) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.3.7881654 · Cited by 2,911
Self-citationPope, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Thurston, G. D., Thun, M. J., Calle, E. E., Krewski, D., & Godleski, J. J. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000108927.80044.7f · Cited by 2,592
Self-citationThe pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease
Ambrose, J. A., & Barua, R. S. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.047 · Cited by 2,394
Counting Processes and Survival Analysis.
Dabrowska, D. M., Fleming, T. R., & Harrington, D. P. (1992) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290673 · Cited by 2,271
Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women
Miller, K. A., Siscovick, D. S., Sheppard, L., Shepherd, K., Sullivan, J. H., Anderson, G. L., & Kaufman, J. D. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa054409 · Cited by 1,854
van Donkelaar, A., Martin, R. V., Brauer, M., Kahn, R., Levy, R., Verduzco, C., & Villeneuve, P. J. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0901623 · Cited by 1,623
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Hoover, 2003, Retrospective data quality audits of the Harvard Six Cities and American Cancer Society studies., J Toxicol Environ Health, 66, 1553, 10.1080/15287390306441 · doi:10.1080/15287390306441
Cited by
Lim, S. S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A. D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., AlMazroa, M. A., Amann, M., Anderson, H. R., Andrews, K. G., et al. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)61766-8 · Cited by 11,805
Self-citationForouzanfar, M. H., Afshin, A., Alexander, L. T., Anderson, H. R., Bhutta, Z. A., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Cercy, K., Charlson, F. J., et al. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31679-8 · Cited by 7,698
Self-citationThe Lancet Commission on pollution and health
Landrigan, P. J., Fuller, R., Acosta, N. J. R., Adeyi, O., Arnold, R., Basu, N. (., Baldé, A. B., Bertollini, R., Bose-O'Reilly, S., Boufford, J. I., et al. (2018) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(17)32345-0 · Cited by 4,929
Forouzanfar, M. H., Alexander, L., Anderson, H. R., Bachman, V. F., Biryukov, S., Brauer, M., Burnett, R., Casey, D., Coates, M. M., Cohen, A., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)00128-2 · Cited by 2,701
Self-citationBurnett, R. T., Pope, C. A., Ezzati, M., Olives, C., Lim, S. S., Mehta, S., Shin, H. H., Singh, G., Hubbell, B., Brauer, M., et al. (2014) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.1307049 · Cited by 1,901
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Pope, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Turner, M. C., Cohen, A., Krewski, D., Jerrett, M., Gapstur, S. M., & Thun, M. J.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2011-11
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1616-1621
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- OpenAlex
- W2066148159
- Cited by
- 743
- References
- 39
- FWCI
- 23.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1289/ehp.1103639
- The paper
- Pope, C. A., Burnett, R. T., Turner, M. C., Cohen, A., Krewski, D., Jerrett, M., Gapstur, S. M., & Thun, M. J. (2011). Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure–Response Relationships. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103639
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
