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Differences in Birth Weight Associated with the 2008 Beijing Olympics Air Pollution Reduction: Results from a Natural Experiment
Open accessAbstract
Background: Previous studies have reported decreased birth weight associated with increased air pollutant concentrations during pregnancy. However, it is not clear when during pregnancy increases in air pollution are associated with the largest differences in birth weight. Objectives: Using the natural experiment of air pollution declines during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, we evaluated whether having specific months of pregnancy (i.e., 1st…8th) during the 2008 Olympics period was associated with larger birth weights, compared with pregnancies during the same dates in 2007 or 2009. Methods: Using n = 83,672 term births to mothers residing in four urban districts of Beijing, we estimated the difference in birth weight associated with having individual months of pregnancy during the 2008 Olympics (8 August–24 September 2008) compared with the same dates in 2007 and 2009. We also estimated the difference in birth weight associated with interquartile range (IQR) increases in mean ambient particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations during each pregnancy month. Results: Babies whose 8th month of gestation occurred during the 2008 Olympics were, on average, 23 g larger (95% CI: 5 g, 40 g) than babies whose 8th month occurred during the same calendar dates in 2007 or 2009. IQR increases in PM2.5 (19.8 μg/m3), CO (0.3 ppm), SO2 (1.8 ppb), and NO2 (13.6 ppb) concentrations during the 8th month of pregnancy were associated with 18 g (95% CI: –32 g, –3 g), 17 g (95% CI: –28 g, –6 g), 23 g (95% CI: –36 g, –10 g), and 34 g (95% CI: –70 g, 3 g) decreases in birth weight, respectively. We did not see significant associations for months 1–7. Conclusions: Short-term decreases in air pollution late in pregnancy in Beijing during the 2008 Summer Olympics, a normally heavily polluted city, were associated with higher birth weight. Citation: Rich DQ, Liu K, Zhang J, Thurston SW, Stevens TP, Pan Y, Kane C, Weinberger B, Ohman-Strickland P, Woodruff TJ, Duan X, Assibey-Mensah V, Zhang J. 2015. Differences in birth weight associated with the 2008 Beijing Olympics air pollution reduction: results from a natural experiment. Environ Health Perspect 123:880–887; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1408795
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“In an observational natural experiment, infants whose 8th month of gestation occurred during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, when air pollution levels drastically deceased, were born 23 g heavier on average compared to infants whose 8th month occurred over the same dates the year prior (2007) or after (2009) [16].”
From Air pollution and children’s health—a review of adverse effects associated with prenatal exposure from fine to ultrafine particulate matter (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
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“Beijing Olympics, when air pollution levels drastically deceased, were born 23 g heavier on average compared to infants whose 8th month occurred over the same dates the year prior (2007) or after (2009) [16].”
BackgroundRenzo, G. C. D., Conry, J. A., Blake, J. M., DeFrancesco, M. S., DeNicola, N. G., Martin, J. N., Jr., McCue, K., Richmond, D., Shah, A., Sutton, P., et al. (2015) · International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics · doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.09.002 · Cited by 343
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rich, D. Q., Liu, K., Zhang, J., Thurston, S. W., Stevens, T. P., Pan, Y., Kane, C., Weinberger, B., Ohman-Strickland, P., Woodruff, T. J., Duan, X., Assibey-Mensah, V., & Zhang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- Duke University (US)
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, and
- Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CN)
- Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Corresponding author
- Rich, David Q.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-04-28
- Volume
- 123
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 880-887
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC4559955
- OpenAlex
- W1992296920
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 12.13
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 976 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (7r01es015864-04)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01-ES019165-01, R01-ES015864, R01ES019165, P30ES001247)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Keywords
- birth weight, air pollution, 2008 Beijing Olympics, air pollution reduction, late pregnancy, PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, prenatal exposure, term birth
- MeSH terms
- Beijing, Air Pollutants, Air Pollution, Birth Weight, Carbon Monoxide, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Male, Nitrogen Dioxide, Pregnancy, Sulfur Dioxide, Maternal Exposure, Particulate Matter
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