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Health Impacts of Climate Change in Pacific Island Countries: A Regional Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptation Priorities
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Between 2010 and 2012, the World Health Organization Division of Pacific Technical Support led a regional climate change and health vulnerability assessment and adaptation planning project, in collaboration with health sector partners, in 13 Pacific island countries-Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Palau, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, and Vanuatu. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the vulnerabilities of Pacific island countries to the health impacts of climate change and planned adaptation strategies to minimize such threats to health. METHODS: This assessment involved a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques. The former included descriptive epidemiology, time series analyses, Poisson regression, and spatial modeling of climate and climate-sensitive disease data, in the few instances where this was possible; the latter included wide stakeholder consultations, iterative consensus building, and expert opinion. Vulnerabilities were ranked using a "likelihood versus impact" matrix, and adaptation strategies were prioritized and planned accordingly. RESULTS: The highest-priority climate-sensitive health risks in Pacific island countries included trauma from extreme weather events, heat-related illnesses, compromised safety and security of water and food, vector-borne diseases, zoonoses, respiratory illnesses, psychosocial ill-health, non-communicable diseases, population pressures, and health system deficiencies. Adaptation strategies relating to these climate change and health risks could be clustered according to categories common to many countries in the Pacific region. CONCLUSION: Pacific island countries are among the most vulnerable in the world to the health impacts of climate change. This vulnerability is a function of their unique geographic, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics combined with their exposure to changing weather patterns associated with climate change, the health risks entailed, and the limited capacity of the countries to manage and adapt in the face of such risks. Citation: McIver L, Kim R, Woodward A, Hales S, Spickett J, Katscherian D, Hashizume M, Honda Y, Kim H, Iddings S, Naicker J, Bambrick H, McMichael AJ, Ebi KL. 2016. Health impacts of climate change in Pacific island countries: a regional assessment of vulnerabilities and adaptation priorities. Environ Health Perspect 124:1707-1714; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1509756.
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![Figure 2 Countries involved in WHO-supported climate change and health project in the Pacific (2010–2013) [Source: adapted from CartoGIS (2016), College of Asia and Pacific, The Australian National University, under terms of ShareAlike 3.0 Australia (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/au/legalcode). Some changes have been made to this figure: black triangles were added to indicate the project countries].](/paper-figures/6ffbc17bb41c43dab770abff5f274dc2/health-impacts-of-climate-change-in-pacific-island-countries-a-regional-figure-2.jpg)
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“Mental health was identified as a high-priority climate-sensitive health risk in eight out of the 13 countries [99].”
From Climate Change and Mental Health: A Scoping Review (2021) · cites this paper as [99]
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Ten new insights in climate science 2020 – a horizon scan
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“In this regard, governmental acknowledgment of mental ill-health as a worrying and increasing burden of disease is growing (McIver et al., 2016; Rehm & Shield, 2019).”
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“The rates of government tax revenue as a percentage of GDP are generally low and countries have high vulnerability to external economic shocks and natural disasters [17].”
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Kameg, B. N. (2020) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20200624-05 · Cited by 18
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Potential adverse health consequences of climate change related to rheumatic diseases
Bush, T. M. (2021) · The Journal of Climate Change and Health · doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2021.100029 · Cited by 17
Kim, H. S., Ryan, A. D., Harding, A. B., Moskowitz, A. F., Passe, A. I., & Kawazu, E. C. (2022) · The Journal of Climate Change and Health · doi:10.1016/j.joclim.2022.100166 · Cited by 19
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“Rising sea-levels are negatively impacting many Pacific Islands Countries and Territories (PICTs) (McIver et al., 2015).”
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“Many of the islands have small landmasses, are geographically remote and are low-lying making them particularly vulnerable to climate change and natural disasters (McIver et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMitchell, R. D., O’Reilly, G. M., Herron, L., Phillips, G. A., Sharma, D., Brolan, C. E., Körver, S., Kendino, M., Poloniati, P., Kafoa, B., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Western Pacific · doi:10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100515 · Cited by 14
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“The spread of these diseases will not be curbed by high level policies and procedures alone, but must be tackled through a holistic systems-based approach to improving environmental health that includes a consideration of local context and the contribution that local communities can make to reducing disease prevalence…”
BackgroundPerspectives of artist-practitioners on the communication of climate change in the Pacific
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“For those living in the islands of the Pacific, the consequences of climate change include risks to health and livelihoods from extreme weather events and changing weather patterns, as well as threats to food and water security (McIver et al., 2016).”
BackgroundHealth threats of climate change: from intersectional analysis to justice-based radicalism
Ghosh, A., & Dutta, K. (2024) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-14045-290215 · Cited by 18
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“On the other hand, one may note that compounding effects could aggravate the following climate-sensitive risks: water security and safety, food security and safety, vector-borne diseases, and population pressures (McIver et al., 2016).”
BackgroundDevelopment of a Novel Climate Adaptation Algorithm for Climate Risk Assessment
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“The lack of systems and/or the need to establish information sharing systems on content, impact, and future direction of health and environment are noted in a substantial number of the reviewed literature [2,14,26,27].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- McIver, L., Kim, R., Woodward, A., Hales, S., Spickett, J., Katscherian, D., Hashizume, M., Honda, Y., Kim, H., Iddings, S., Naicker, J., Bambrick, H., McMichael, A. J., & Ebi, K. L.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- World Health Organization (CH)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Curtin University (AU)
- Nagasaki University (JP)
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Western Sydney University (AU)
- University of Washington (US)
- Corresponding author
- McIver, Lachlan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-12-08
- Volume
- 124
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1707-1714
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC5089897
- OpenAlex
- W2423872746
- Cited by
- 238
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 9.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Environmental Impact
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Keywords
- health impacts of climate change, climate change vulnerability, climate change adaptation, Pacific Island countries, heat-related illness, vector-borne diseases, zoonoses, respiratory diseases, non-communicable diseases, food and water security, health system capacity, adaptation planning
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Pacific Islands, Socioeconomic Factors, Poisson Distribution, Climate Change, Public Health Surveillance
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