Septic system density and infectious diarrhea in a defined population of children
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One-quarter of U.S. households use a septic system for wastewater disposal. In this study we investigated whether septic system density was associated with endemic diarrheal illness in children. Cases--children 1 to < 19 years old seeking medical care for acute diarrhea--and controls resided in the Marshfield Epidemiologic Study Area, a population-based cohort in central Wisconsin. Enrollment was from February 1997 through September 1998. Study participants completed a structured interview, and septic system density was determined from county sanitary permits. Household wells were sampled for bacterial pathogens and indicators of water sanitary quality. Risk factors were assessed for cases grouped by diarrhea etiology. In multivariate analyses, viral diarrhea was associated with the number of holding tank septic systems in the 640-acre section surrounding the case residence [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02-1.15; p = 0.008], and bacterial diarrhea was associated with the number of holding tanks per 40-acre quarter-quarter section (AOR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.02-1.46; p = 0.026). Diarrhea of unknown etiology was independently associated with drinking from a household well contaminated with fecal enterococci (AOR, 6.18; 95% CI, 1.22-31.46; p = 0.028). Septic system densities were associated with endemic diarrheal illness in central Wisconsin. The association should be investigated in other regions, and standards for septic systems should be evaluated to ensure that the public health is protected.
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Diarrheal disease in children was associated with density of nearby septic systems in Wisconsin.
“diarrheal disease in children was associated with density of nearby septic systems in Wisconsin (Borchardt et al., 2003).”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Borchardt et al., 2003
Epidemiological studies have shown associations between septic system density and diarrheal disease in children.
“Epidemiological studies have shown associations between septic system density and diarrheal disease in children (Borchardt et al., 2003) and have found septic systems to be a common contributing factor to disease outbreaks associated with untreated groundwater in the”
From Septic systems as sources of organic wastewater compounds in domestic drinking water wells in a shallow sand and gravel aquifer (2016) · cites this paper as Borchardt et al., 2003
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- Authors
- Borchardt, M. A., Chyou, P.-H., DeVries, E. O., & Belongia, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Marshfield Clinic (US)
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2003-05-01
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 742-748
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- PMC
- PMC1241485
- OpenAlex
- W2049787076
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 5.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor, 5356 d)
- Locations
- Environmental Health Perspectives (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Fecal contamination and water quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
- Keywords
- septic systems, infectious diarrhea, childhood diarrhea, viral diarrhea, bacterial diarrhea, fecal enterococci, drinking water quality, holding tanks, Wisconsin
- MeSH terms
- Acute Disease, Adolescent, Child, Child, Preschool, Diarrhea, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Public Health, Risk Factors, Sanitation, Sewage, Waste Disposal, Fluid, Water Microbiology, Water Supply, Wisconsin, Cohort Studies, Odds Ratio, Epidemiologic Studies
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