The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Epidemiology of Lead Toxicity in Adults: Measuring Dose and Consideration of Other Methodologic Issues
Open accessAbstract
We review several issues of broad relevance to the interpretation of epidemiologic evidence concerning the toxicity of lead in adults, particularly regarding cognitive function and the cardiovascular system, which are the subjects of two systematic reviews that are also part of this mini-monograph. Chief among the recent developments in methodologic advances has been the refinement of concepts and methods for measuring individual lead dose in terms of appreciating distinctions between recent versus cumulative doses and the use of biological markers to measure these parameters in epidemiologic studies of chronic disease. Attention is focused particularly on bone lead levels measured by K-shell X-ray fluorescence as a relatively new biological marker of cumulative dose that has been used in many recent epidemiologic studies to generate insights into lead's impact on cognition and risk of hypertension, as well as the alternative method of estimating cumulative dose using available repeated measures of blood lead to calculate an individual's cumulative blood lead index. We review the relevance and interpretation of these lead biomarkers in the context of the toxico-kinetics of lead. In addition, we also discuss methodologic challenges that arise in studies of occupationally and environmentally exposed subjects and those concerning race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status and other important covariates.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Marginal Structural Models and Causal Inference in Epidemiology
Robins, J. M., Hernán, M. Á., & Brumback, B. (2000) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-200009000-00011 · Cited by 5,581
Intellectual Impairment in Children with Blood Lead Concentrations below 10 μg per Deciliter
Canfield, R. L., Henderson, C. R., Cory-Slechta, D. A., Cox, C., Jusko, T. A., & Lanphear, B. P. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa022848 · Cited by 2,081
Kraemer, H. C., Stice, E., Kazdin, A., Offord, D., & Kupfer, D. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.6.848 · Cited by 1,712
Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels
Needleman, H. L., Gunnoe, C., Leviton, A., Reed, R., Peresie, H., Maher, C., & Barrett, P. (1979) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm197903293001301 · Cited by 1,579
Toxicological profile for lead
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U.S.). Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (2020) · doi:10.15620/cdc:95222 · Cited by 1,336
Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease—A Systematic Review
Navas-Acien, A., Guallar, E., Silbergeld, E. K., & Rothenberg, S. J. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9785 · Cited by 1,112
Self-citationKinetic analysis of lead metabolism in healthy humans.
Rabinowitz, M. B., Wetherill, G. W., & Kopple, J. D. (1976) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci108467 · Cited by 726
Bone Lead Levels and Delinquent Behavior
Needleman, H. L. (1996) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530290033034 · Cited by 637
Pirkle, J. L. (1994) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520040046039 · Cited by 560
Rabinowitz, M. B. (1991) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.919133 · Cited by 462
Cited by
Wani, A. L., Ara, A., & Usmani, J. A. (2015) · Interdisciplinary Toxicology · doi:10.1515/intox-2015-0009 · Cited by 1,964
Environmental factors in cardiovascular disease
Cosselman, K. E., Navas-Acien, A., & Kaufman, J. D. (2015) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2015.152 · Cited by 613
Recommendations for Medical Management of Adult Lead Exposure
Kosnett, M. J., Wedeen, R. P., Rothenberg, S. J., Hipkins, K. L., Materna, B. L., Schwartz, B. S., Hu, H., & Woolf, A. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9784 · Cited by 358
Self-citationTrace elements in hemodialysis patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
The Alberta Kidney Disease Network, Tonelli, M., Wiebe, N., Hemmelgarn, B., Klarenbach, S., Field, C., Manns, B., Thadhani, R., & Gill, J. (2009) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-7-25 · Cited by 294
Biomarkers of Lead Exposure and DNA Methylation within Retrotransposons
Wright, R. O., Schwartz, J., Wright, R. J., Bollati, V., Tarantini, L., Park, S. K., Hu, H., Sparrow, D., Vokonas, P., & Baccarelli, A. (2010) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.0901429 · Cited by 235
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Hu, H., Shih, R., Rothenberg, S., & Schwartz, B. S.
- Venue
- Environmental Health Perspectives
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 455-462
- ISSN
- 0091-6765 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-9924
- OpenAlex
- W2024516361
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 63
- FWCI
- 8.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Epidemiology of Lead Toxicity in Adults: Measuring Dose and Consideration of Other Methodologic Issues. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1289/ehp.9783
- The paper
- Hu, H., Shih, R., Rothenberg, S., & Schwartz, B. S. (2007). The Epidemiology of Lead Toxicity in Adults: Measuring Dose and Consideration of Other Methodologic Issues. Environmental Health Perspectives. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.9783
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
