Lighting levels in the dwellings of homebound older adults
Abstract
Although poor lighting in the dwellings of older adults has been associated with falls, depression, and reduced visual performance, there has been little measurement of actual light levels in their homes. Knowing the interior light levels and preferences of older adults, especially the homebound, will be of value to service providers and designers in targeting effective interventions. This pilot study measured light levels in the apartments of 40 homebound older adults in New York City, and compared them with industry standard minimum light levels. Nearly all participants had inadequate light levels, yet rated their lighting conditions as adequate. Further research is needed on optimal light levels for improved health, safety, and quality of life.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Reduced exposure to natural light due to more time spent indoors, lack of physical activity during daylight hours, poor indoor lighting and nighttime light exposure exacerbates these issues.
“Reduced exposure to natural light due to more time spent indoors, lack of physical activity during daylight hours, poor indoor lighting and nighttime light exposure exacerbate these issues [15, 31, 32, 33].”
Cites
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · see citing works
Sheikh (1986) · doi:10.1300/j018v05n01_09 · Cited by 7,236 · see citing works
Clinical Gerontology; A Guide to Assessment and Intervention
Essa, M. (1987) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1987.41.3.478 · Cited by 1,064 · see citing works
Prevention of Falls among the Elderly
Desforges, J. F., Tinetti, M. E., & Speechley, M. R. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198904203201606 · Cited by 936 · see citing works
Role of the Environment in Falls Prevention
Connell, B. R. (1996) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30205-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dark Adaptation and Falls in the Elderly
McMurdo, M. E. T., & Gaskell, A. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000213264 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Preventing falls: home hazard checklists to help older patients protect themselves.
Tideiksaar, R. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Tideiksaar, R. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Age, Luminance, and Print Legibility in Homes, Offices, and Public Places
Charness, N. H., & Dijkstra, K. (1999) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1518/001872099779591204 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Quality of light and quality of life: An intervention study among older people
Sørensen, S. T., & Brunnström, G. (1995) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535950270020501 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Falls in Older Persons: Prevention and Management
Tideiksaar, R. (1998) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Aging Eye and Low Vision: A Study Guide for Physicians
Fletcher, D. C. (1995) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1995.01100060034023 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Compact fluorescent light bulbs
Hodges, L. (1992) · The Physics Teacher · doi:10.1119/1.2343479 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A study of lighting in the home
Simpson, J., & Tarrant, A. W. S. (1983) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/096032718301500101 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Application of current knowledge in lighting to the needs of the homebound aged.
Jm, H. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lighting for the partially sighted in a residential home
Boyce, P. R. (1986) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/096032718601800403 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 17 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The indoor environment and the integrated design of homes for older people with dementia
van Hoof, J., Kort, H. S. M., Duijnstee, M. S. H., Rutten, P. G. S., & Hensen, J. J. (2009) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.11.008 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Sinoo, M. M., van Hoof, J., & Kort, H. S. M. (2011) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.03.013 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Tuning environmental lighting improves objective and subjective sleep quality in older adults
Shishegar, N., Boubekri, M., Stine‐Morrow, E. A. L., & Rogers, W. A. (2021) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108096 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Yagerman, S. E., & Marghoob, A. A. (2013) · Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy · doi:10.1586/14737140.2013.856272 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Lighting up living spaces to improve mood and cognitive performance in older adults
Shishegar, N., & Boubekri, M. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2022.101845 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Home Lighting Assessment for Clients With Low Vision
Perlmutter, M. S., Bhorade, A. M., Gordon, M. O., Hollingsworth, H. H., Engsberg, J., & Baum, M. C. (2013) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2013.006692 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Safety of older people at home: An integrative literature review
Kivimäki, T., Stolt, M., Charalambous, A., & Suhonen, R. (2019) · International Journal of Older People Nursing · doi:10.1111/opn.12285 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bhorade, A. M., Perlmutter, M. S., Wilson, B., Kambarian, J., Chang, S. T., Pekmezci, M., & Gordon, M. O. (2013) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.4995 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Quantifying Fall-Related Hazards in the Homes of Persons with Glaucoma
Yonge, A. V., Swenor, B. K., Miller, R. B., Goldhammer, V., West, S. K., Friedman, D. S., Gitlin, L. N., & Ramulu, P. Y. (2016) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.11.032 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Effects of lighting on ECG, visual performance and psychology of the elderly
Wang, Y., Huang, H., & Chen, G. (2019) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.164063 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Falkenberg, H. K., Kvikstad, T. M., & Eilertsen, G. (2019) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s198763 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Retail Store Lighting for Elderly Consumers: An Experimental Approach
Park, N., & Farr, C. A. (2007) · Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal · doi:10.1177/1077727x07300096 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Extra-care housing for people with sight loss: Lighting and design
Lewis, A. J., & Torrington, J. M. (2012) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153512450451 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Lok, R., Ancoli‐Israel, S., Ensrud, K. E., Redline, S. S., Stone, K. L., & Zeitzer, J. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Sleep · doi:10.3389/frsle.2023.1268379 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Revista Nacional de Gerenciamento de Cidades
Benini, S. M. (2015) · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Assessment of Lighting in Independent Living Facilities and Residents’ Perceptions
Hegde, A. L., & Rhodes, R. (2009) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464809343105 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ramulu, P. Y., Mihailović, A., Jian‐Yu, E., Miller, R. B., West, S. K., Gitlin, L. N., & Friedman, D. S. (2021) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.04.022 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Understanding Older Adults’ Perception and Usage of Indoor Lighting in Independent Senior Living
Kim, D., Chang, C., & Margrett, J. (2021) · HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/1937586720988616 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Daylighting in older people's housing: Barriers to compliance with current UK guidance
Lewis, A. J. (2015) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/1477153515571677 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Assessing the impact of daylight exposure on sleep quality of people over 65 years old
Flores-Villa, L., Unwin, J., & Raynham, P. (2020) · Building Services Engineering Research and Technology · doi:10.1177/0143624419899522 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Mauritzson, E., McKee, K., Elf, M., & Borg, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021458 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Hou, X., & Urpelainen, J. (2020) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2020.101592 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Lighting Prescriptions for Low Vision
Butler, M., McMullan, K., & Ryan, S. (2019) · Journal of Housing for the Elderly · doi:10.1080/02763893.2018.1534175 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Beyond phase shifting: targeting circadian amplitude for light interventions in humans
Walch, O., Tavella, F., Zeitzer, J. M., & Lok, R. (2024) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsae247 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chuangchai, W. (2017) · Journal of Architectural/Planning Research and Studies (JARS) · doi:10.56261/jars.v14i1.104438 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Murukesu, R. R., Alkaff, Z. A., Bridges, C., & Spitschan, M. (2025) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd016157 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Reduced exposure to natural light due to more time spent indoors, lack of physical activity during daylight hours, poor indoor lighting and nighttime light exposure exacerbate these issues [15, 31, 32, 33].”
THE INFLUENCE OF DECREASED AMBIENT LIGHTING ON REACTIVE BALANCE MECHANISMS IN YOUNG ADULTS
Pitts, J. (2021) · doi:10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/1249 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alrahyani, M., Youngstedt, S. D., Fani, M., Yague, N., Yu, F., Guest, M. A., Yeom, D. J., & Sharp, N. (2025) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.103435 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Light conditions in nursing homes : visual comfort and visual functioning of residents
Sinoo, M. M. (2016) · TU/e Research Portal · doi:10.6100/ir848885 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Parameters for assessing housing quality for the elderly: a literature review
de Souza, R. B. M., Fontes, M. S. G. D. C., & Magagnin, R. C. (2020) · Revista Nacional de Gerenciamento de Cidades · doi:10.17271/2318847286720202716 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An Investigation of Light Spectrum and Intensity on Depression among Older Adults
Boubekri, M., & Sharp, N. C. C. (2023) · Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences · doi:10.37871/jbres1732 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Therapeutic Lighting Design to Decrease Depression in Older Adults
Shishegar, N., Rogers, W. A., Yi, Y. K., Boubekri, M., & Stine‐Morrow, E. A. L. (2020) · ACSA Annual Meeting · doi:10.35483/acsa.am.108.14
Lighting conditions in the homes of older adults: Are they suitable for healthy ageing in place?
Veitch, J. A., Nixon, A., da Cunha, I. B., Eakin, K., Villeneuve, H., O’Brien, W., & Touchie, M. F. (2026) · Lighting Research & Technology · doi:10.1177/14771535261495954
- Authors
- Bakker, R., Iofel, Y., & Lachs, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- North Shore University Hospital (US)
- ORCID
- Lachs, Mark S.
- Venue
- Journal of Housing For the Elderly
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2004-08-04
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 17-27
- ISSN
- 0276-3893 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-353X
- OpenAlex
- W1950715633
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Housing for the Elderly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Geriatric Care and Nursing Homes
- Keywords
- homebound older adults, aging in place, lighting preferences, depression, visual performance, housing design, quality of life
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review