A literature review of swine heat production
Open accessAbstract
Current ASAE standards of heat and moisture production (HP, MP) for swine are primarily based on data collectednearly four decades ago. Feedstuffs, management practices, growth rate, and lean percentage of swine have changed HP andMP considerably in that time period. Literature data shows that lean percent increased 1.55% in the last 10 years, resultingin an increase in HP by approximately 15%. Data were compiled into two categories: prior to 1988, and 1988 to present.Analysis of this data revealed that HP increased 12.4% to 35.3% between the two categories, with the largest differencesoccurring at higher temperatures. The results also revealed lack of HP and MP data for greater than 90 kg pigs. The HP andMP standards for design of swine housing systems should be updated.
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Modern pigs have a total heat production (THP) 16%-20% higher than fatter counterparts from the previous generation.
“Many studies (Brown e Brandl, Eigenberg, Nienaber, & Kachman, 2001; Brown e Brandl et al., 2014; Brown e Brandl, Nienaber, Xin, & Gates, 2004) reported that the total heat production (THP) of modern pigs was 16% e 20% higher than the THP of their fatter counterparts from the previous generation.”
From A two-node mechanistic thermophysiological model for pigs reared in hot climates – Part 1: Physiological responses and model development (2021) · cites this paper as Brown e Brandl et al., 2004
The Conclusions report that heat production was 17.4% higher in pigs from 1988–2002 than in pigs from before 1988, but that figure applies under thermoneutral conditions. Across all experimental temperatures, the reported increase ranged from 12.4% to 35.3%, so the unqualified 16%–20% claim is too broad. The paper characterizes the older pigs as moderate-lean rather than explicitly calling them fatter counterparts. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe observed 14% increment in THP was in line with values reported by Brown e Brandl et al. (2004; 2014).
“This increment was in line with the values reported by Brown e Brandl et al. (2004; 2014).”
From A two-node mechanistic thermophysiological model for pigs reared in hot climates – Part 1: Physiological responses and model development (2021) · cites this paper as Brown e Brandl et al., 2004
The ideal temperature under thermal neutral conditions for 61.7 kg pigs was approximately 18 C.
“According to Brown e Brandl et al. (2004), the ideal temperature (under the TN conditions) for 61.7 kg pigs was approximately 18 C.”
From A two-node mechanistic thermophysiological model for pigs reared in hot climates – Part 1: Physiological responses and model development (2021) · cites this paper as Brown e Brandl et al., 2004
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Cites
Close, W. H., & Mount, L. E. (1978) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19780142 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Blaxter, K. 1989. Energy Metabolism in Animals and Man. New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press.
- Bond, T. E., C. F. Kelly, and H. Heitman, Jr. 1959. Hog house air conditioning and ventilation data. Trans. ASAE 2: 1-4.
- Brown-Brandl, T. M., J. A. Nienaber, and L. W. Turner. 1998. Acute heat stress effect on heat production and respiration rate in swine. Trans. ASAE 41(3): 789-793.
- Brown-Brandl, T. M., R. A. Eigenberg, J. A. Nienaber, and S. D. Kachman. 2001. Thermoregulatory profile of a newer genetic line of pigs. Livestock Prod. Science 71(2-3): 253-260.
- Close, W. H., and L. E. Mount. 1978b. The effects of plane of nutrition and environmental temperature on the energy metabolism of the growing pig: 2. Growth rate, including protein and fat deposition. British J. Nutrition 40(3): 423-431.
- Feddes, J. J. R., and J. A. DeShazer. 1988. Energetic responses of growing pigs to high cyclic and constant temperatures. Trans. ASAE 31(4): 1203-1210.
- Harmon, J. D., H. Xin, and J. Shao. 1997. Energetics of segregated early weaned pigs. Trans. ASAE 40(6): 1693-1698.
- Holmes, C. W., and K. Breirem. 1974. A note on the heat production of fasting pigs in the range 16 to 96 kg live weight. Animal Prod. 18(3): 313-316.
- Le Dividich, J., M. Vermorel, J. Noblet, J. C. Bouvier, and A. Aumaitre. 1980. Effects of environmental temperature on heat production, energy retention, protein, and fat gain in early-weaned piglets. British J. Nutrition 44(3): 313-323.
- Nienaber, J. A., G. L. Hahn, and J. T. Yen. 1987. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine part I -growth, feed intake, and heat production. Trans. ASAE 30(6): 1772 -1775.
- Noblet, J., and J. Le Dividich. 1982. Effect of environmental temperature and feeding level on energy balance traits of early-weaned piglets. Livestock Prod. Science 9(5): 619-632.
- Quiniou, N., J. Noblet, J. van Milgen, and S. Dubios. 2001. Modelling heat production and energy balance in group-housed growing pigs exposed to low or high ambient temperatures. British J. Nutrition 85(1): 97-106.
- van der Hel, W., M. W. A. Verstegen, W. Baltussen, and H. A. Brandsma. 1984. The effect of ambient temperature on diurnal rhythm in heat production and activity in pigs kept in groups. International J. Biomet. 28(4): 303-315.
- Xin, H., and J. A. DeShazer. 1991. Swine responses to constant and modified diurnal cyclic temperatures. Trans. ASAE 34(6): 2533 -2540.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Physiological consequences of heat stress in pigs
Ross, J. W., Hale, B. J., Gabler, N. K., Rhoads, R. P., Keating, A. F., & Baumgard, L. H. (2015) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an15267 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Huang, T., Rong, L., Zhang, G., Brandt, P., Bjerg, B., Pedersen, P., & Granath, S. W. Y. (2021) · Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.08.024 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
- Authors
- Brown-Brandl, T. M., Nienaber, J. A., Xin, H., & Gates, R. S.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Agriculture (US)
- Iowa State University (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Venue
- Transactions of the ASAE
- Published
- 2004
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 259-270
- ISSN
- 0001-2351 (ISSN-L)
- 2151-0059
- OpenAlex
- W2043162453
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lib.dr.iastate.edu
- Locations
- Transactions of the ASAE (publishedVersion)
- Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Effects of Environmental Stressors on Livestock
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Nutrition and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Building Energy and Comfort Optimization
- Keywords
- moisture production, lean meat percentage, swine housing design, temperature effects, growth rate, animal feed
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