The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Normalization of Pushbacks in Greece: Biopolitics and Racist State Crime
Open accessAbstract
The paper discusses pushback operations in Greece as a generalized anti-immigration policy that involves practices constituting racist state crime. Beginning from a description of the illegal operations on the Greek/Turkish borders, this paper examines the constant denial tactics of the government and the response of national, regional and international organizations and institutions. It is shown that pushbacks have become a standardized frontline tool of border management. This phenomenon is approached from a criminological viewpoint in terms of racist state crime and as a racist biopolitical technology of power for the government of the migrant populations, and for the defence of society and national identity. Showing that pushbacks are a becoming a central border policy in Europe, the paper concludes with a discussion of the need for both legal and non-legal counter-strategies.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The illegal practice of border pushbacks by sea along Greece's borders has become standardised and normalised despite the severe human rights violations associated with it.”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Border pushbacks, which constitute illegal refoulements, involve the unofficial detention and forced removal of third-country nationals when attempting to enter or signal intent to stay in another country (Koros, 2021).”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These violations span a wide range, including the denial of basic needs such as food and water, degrading and violent treatment, inadequate medical care and education, and the overall endangerment of migrants' safety and well-being.”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“European human rights laws prohibit the neglect of migrants upon arrival, the denial of their lawful presence in the destination country, and any form of forceful removal, especially when accompanied by violence.”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Border pushbacks involve the unofficial arrest and arbitrary removal of third-country nationals attempting to enter or migrate to another country (Koros, 2021).”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Amnesty International (2020) reported that even those who have already applied for asylum, possess legal documentation, or are protected under international law fall victim to these illegal practices (Koros, 2021).”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Koros (2021) noted that the illegal refoulements at the Greek borders involved severe human rights violations committed by the Greek border authorities and law enforcement.”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such actions are explicitly defined as fundamental rights violations, and the pushbacks themselves inherently violate human rights, often accompanied by a host of other abuses happening at the Greek borders (Koros, 2021).”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 17
- From 3,784 land arrivals in 2016, to 6,592 in 2017, 18,014 in 2018 and 14,887 in 2019. (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2020a).
- Border Violence Monitoring Network (2020c) “Press Release: Documented Pushbacks from Centers on the Greek Mainland.” Available online at: https://www.borderviolence.eu/press-release-documented-pushbacks-from-centres-on-the-greek-mainland/ (accessed 25 May 2021).
- Chambliss, W. (1989) “State Organized Crime: The American Society of Criminology 1988 Presidential Address”, Criminology, Vol. 34: 183-208. · DOI
- Cohen, S. (2001) States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. London: Polity Press.
- Drakopoulou, A., Konstantinou, A. and Koros, D. (2020) “Border Management at the External Schengen Borders: Border Controls, Return Operations and Access to Effective (?) Remedies in Greece”, in S. Carrera. and M. Stefan, eds., Fundamental Rights Challenges in Border Controls and Expulsion of Irregular Immigrants in the European Union: Complaint Mechanisms and Access to Justice. New York: Routledge Publishing. · DOI
- Esposito, R. (2008) Bios: Biopolitics and Philosophy. Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
- Foucault, M. (1990) History of Sexuality, vol. 1. An Introduction. New York: Pantheon Books.
- Greek Council for Refugees, ARSIS and HumanRights360 (2018) “The New Normality: Continuous Push-backs of Third Country Nationals on the Evros River.” Available online at: https://www.gcr.gr/en/news/press-releases-announcements/item/1028-the-new-normality-continuous-push-backs-of-third-country-nationals-on-the-evros-river (accessed 25 May 2021).
- Green, P. and Ward, T. (2000) “State Crime, Human Rights and the Limits of Criminology”, Social Justice, 27(1): 101-15.
- Johnson, P.L. (2019) “The Crime and State Terrorism Nexus: How Organized Crime Appropriates Counterinsurgency Violence”, Perspectives on Terrorism, 13(6): 16-26.
- Mann, I. (forthcoming) “The New Impunity: Border Violence as Crime”, University of Pennsylvania Journal Law, Vol. 42: 1-49.
- Mbembe, A. (2019) Necropolitics. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press. · DOI
- Murray, S.J. (2006) “Thanatopolitics: On the Use of Death for Mobilizing Political Life”, Polygraph: An International Journal of Politics and Culture, Vol. 18: 191-215.
- Nixon, R. (2013) Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Papanicolaou, G. and Papageorgiou, I. (2016) “The Police and the Far Right in Greece: A Case Study of Police Voting Behaviour in Athens”, Crime, Law and Social Change, 66(4): 397-419. · DOI
- Rasmussen, K.S. (2011) “Foucault's Genealogy of Racism”, Theory, Culture and Society, 28(5): 34-51. · DOI
- Ward, G. (2015) “The Slow Violence of State Organized Race Crime”, Theoretical Criminology, 19(3): 299-314. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts
Nikolaeva, S. (2024) · Glocality · doi:10.5334/glo.79 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Koros, D.
- Affiliations
- Democritus University of Thrace (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Koros, Dimitris
- Venue
- State Crime Journal
- Publisher
- Pluto Journals
- Published
- 2021-01-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 2046-6056 (ISSN-L)
- 2046-6064
- OpenAlex
- W4210564856
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 9.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- State Crime Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Northumbria University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Gender and Women's Rights
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Exile Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Keywords
- pushbacks, biopolitics, anti-immigrant policy, border management, Greek-Turkish border, migrant smuggling, national identity, counter-strategies, EU border policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
