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The Normalization of Pushbacks in Greece: Biopolitics and Racist State Crime
Open accessAbstract
The paper discusses pushback operations in Greece as a generalized anti-immigration policy that involves practices constituting racist state crime. Beginning from a description of the illegal operations on the Greek/Turkish borders, this paper examines the constant denial tactics of the government and the response of national, regional and international organizations and institutions. It is shown that pushbacks have become a standardized frontline tool of border management. This phenomenon is approached from a criminological viewpoint in terms of racist state crime and as a racist biopolitical technology of power for the government of the migrant populations, and for the defence of society and national identity. Showing that pushbacks are a becoming a central border policy in Europe, the paper concludes with a discussion of the need for both legal and non-legal counter-strategies.
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In the citing paper
“The illegal practice of border pushbacks by sea along Greece's borders has become standardised and normalised despite the severe human rights violations associated with it.”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Border pushbacks, which constitute illegal refoulements, involve the unofficial detention and forced removal of third-country nationals when attempting to enter or signal intent to stay in another country (Koros, 2021).”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
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In the citing paper
“These violations span a wide range, including the denial of basic needs such as food and water, degrading and violent treatment, inadequate medical care and education, and the overall endangerment of migrants' safety and well-being.”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“European human rights laws prohibit the neglect of migrants upon arrival, the denial of their lawful presence in the destination country, and any form of forceful removal, especially when accompanied by violence.”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Border pushbacks involve the unofficial arrest and arbitrary removal of third-country nationals attempting to enter or migrate to another country (Koros, 2021).”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Amnesty International (2020) reported that even those who have already applied for asylum, possess legal documentation, or are protected under international law fall victim to these illegal practices (Koros, 2021).”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Koros (2021) noted that the illegal refoulements at the Greek borders involved severe human rights violations committed by the Greek border authorities and law enforcement.”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Such actions are explicitly defined as fundamental rights violations, and the pushbacks themselves inherently violate human rights, often accompanied by a host of other abuses happening at the Greek borders (Koros, 2021).”
From Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts (2024) · cites this paper as Koros, 2021
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Research works printed but not linked: 17
- From 3,784 land arrivals in 2016, to 6,592 in 2017, 18,014 in 2018 and 14,887 in 2019. (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2020a).
- Border Violence Monitoring Network (2020c) “Press Release: Documented Pushbacks from Centers on the Greek Mainland.” Available online at: https://www.borderviolence.eu/press-release-documented-pushbacks-from-centres-on-the-greek-mainland/ (accessed 25 May 2021).
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- Cohen, S. (2001) States of Denial: Knowing about Atrocities and Suffering. London: Polity Press.
- Drakopoulou, A., Konstantinou, A. and Koros, D. (2020) “Border Management at the External Schengen Borders: Border Controls, Return Operations and Access to Effective (?) Remedies in Greece”, in S. Carrera. and M. Stefan, eds., Fundamental Rights Challenges in Border Controls and Expulsion of Irregular Immigrants in the European Union: Complaint Mechanisms and Access to Justice. New York: Routledge Publishing. · DOI
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- Greek Council for Refugees, ARSIS and HumanRights360 (2018) “The New Normality: Continuous Push-backs of Third Country Nationals on the Evros River.” Available online at: https://www.gcr.gr/en/news/press-releases-announcements/item/1028-the-new-normality-continuous-push-backs-of-third-country-nationals-on-the-evros-river (accessed 25 May 2021).
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- Mann, I. (forthcoming) “The New Impunity: Border Violence as Crime”, University of Pennsylvania Journal Law, Vol. 42: 1-49.
- Mbembe, A. (2019) Necropolitics. Durham, NC, and London: Duke University Press. · DOI
- Murray, S.J. (2006) “Thanatopolitics: On the Use of Death for Mobilizing Political Life”, Polygraph: An International Journal of Politics and Culture, Vol. 18: 191-215.
- Nixon, R. (2013) Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Papanicolaou, G. and Papageorgiou, I. (2016) “The Police and the Far Right in Greece: A Case Study of Police Voting Behaviour in Athens”, Crime, Law and Social Change, 66(4): 397-419. · DOI
- Rasmussen, K.S. (2011) “Foucault's Genealogy of Racism”, Theory, Culture and Society, 28(5): 34-51. · DOI
- Ward, G. (2015) “The Slow Violence of State Organized Race Crime”, Theoretical Criminology, 19(3): 299-314. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Border Pushbacks in Greece: Human Rights Violations and Psychological Impacts
Nikolaeva, S. (2024) · Glocality · doi:10.5334/glo.79 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Koros, D.
- Affiliations
- Democritus University of Thrace (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Koros, Dimitris
- Venue
- State Crime Journal
- Publisher
- Pluto Journals
- Published
- 2021-01-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- ISSN
- 2046-6056 (ISSN-L)
- 2046-6064
- OpenAlex
- W4210564856
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 9.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- State Crime Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Northumbria University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Gender and Women's Rights
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration and Exile Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Keywords
- pushbacks, biopolitics, anti-immigrant policy, border management, Greek-Turkish border, migrant smuggling, national identity, counter-strategies, EU border policy
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- Koros, D. (2021). The Normalization of Pushbacks in Greece: Biopolitics and Racist State Crime. State Crime Journal. https://doi.org/10.13169/statecrime.10.2.0238
