Cited by 322Child and Animal Learning DevelopmentLanguage and cultural evolutionAction Observation and Synchronization

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From over‐imitation to super‐copying: Adults imitate causally irrelevant aspects of tool use with higher fidelity than young children

McGuigan, Nicola, Makinson, Jenny, Whiten, Andrew·2011·British Journal of Psychology

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Abstract

Recent research has revealed a striking tendency in young children to imitate even causally irrelevant actions, a phenomenon dubbed ‘over‐imitation’. To investigate whether children develop beyond this, we allowed both adults and children to witness either a child or adult model performing goal‐relevant and goal‐irrelevant actions to extract a reward from a transparent puzzle box. Surprisingly, copying of irrelevant actions increased with age, with the adults performing the task with less efficiency than the children. Participants of all ages were more likely to perform the irrelevant actions performed by an adult model, than by a child model. These results suggest that people may become more imitative as they mature, whilst selectively copying particular models with a high level of fidelity. We suggest that this combination of faithful copying and selectivity underwrites the powerful social learning necessary for the level of cultural transmission on which our species depends.

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Authors: McGuigan, N., Makinson, J., & Whiten, A.
Affiliations: Heriot-Watt University (GB)
University of St Andrews (GB)
Corresponding author: McGuigan, Nicola
ORCID: McGuigan, Nicola
Whiten, Andrew
Venue: British Journal of Psychology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2011-01-17
Volume: 102
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-18
ISSN: 0007-1269 (ISSN-L)
2044-8295
DOI: 10.1348/000712610x493115
OpenAlex: W1954390800
Cited by: 322
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 23
FWCI: 30.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: British Journal of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: British Academy
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
Keywords: overimitation, imitation, tool use, causal relevance, developmental differences, social learning, cultural transmission
MeSH terms: Adult, Age Factors, Analysis of Variance, Child Behavior, Child, Preschool, Female, Goals, Humans, Imitative Behavior, Male, Middle Aged, Problem Solving, Social Behavior, Task Performance and Analysis, Young Adult

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From over‐imitation to super‐copying: Adults imitate causally irrelevant aspects of tool use with higher fidelity than young children

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