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Laozi’s Eclipse and Comeback: The Narrative Frame of the Benji jing
Abstract
The Six Dynasties, Sui, and early Tang dynasties were a period of intense and complex development for Daoism. New scriptures, new gods, and new cosmological systems appeared, and Daoism found its way into the highest levels of society and the imperial court. This necessitated a streamlining and integration of very different traditions and teachings. Imperial patronage, competition with Buddhism, as well as dedicated work by proponents of different Daoist currents created a complex interplay, which still has to be studied in detail. This task is especially daunting because historical or historiographical documentation concerning the development of Daoism in the Six Dynasties is rather scarce.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A hermeneutic reading of the framework narrative of the *Benji jing* (Scripture on the Original Beginning), composed in the Sui and early Tang, argues that its narrative structure encodes internal Daoist struggles over integration, esoteric transmission, and the status of Laozi. Chapter 5 in particular stages Laozi's "comeback" as a universally accessible revealer after his eclipse by the Heavenly Worthy and the southern Three Caverns deities.
Key findings
- The *Benji jing* was written in two installments: Liu Jinxi 劉進喜 composed five chapters during the Sui, and Li Zhongqing 李仲卿 added five more in the early Tang for a total of ten (per Xuanyi's *Zhenzheng lun*, T 2112, 569c).
- Chapters 1–4 present a coherent integrated lineage — Heavenly Worthy → Highest Lord of the Dao → Zhang Daoling — fitting a Numinous Treasure/Three Caverns context; chapter 5 breaks this thread abruptly, with Laozi as revealing deity and Yin Xi as his entrusted disciple, suggesting the chapter was added later, possibly after Laozi was declared Tang imperial ancestor.
- In chapter 5 Laozi refuses, then reluctantly agrees, to teach a group of immortals, with the Great Emperor of Fusang interceding; the episode is polemical and ironic, and the paper reads it as reflecting tension between Laozi/Louguan adherents and Highest Clarity proponents, with a possible economic dimension (a gloss in Daoxuan's *Fo Dao lunheng* notes a thirty-*mu* land allotment tied to the Three Sovereigns level until 638, when it came to depend on knowledge of the *Daode jing*).
- Laozi's Twofold Mystery teaching is presented as superior to the Three Caverns scriptures precisely because it is universally accessible; the paper notes his tetra lemma deviates from the standard form by having steps three and four negate each other, producing paradox rather than *reductio ad absurdum*.
Methods
- Hermeneutic reading of the framework narrative of the *Benji jing*, focused on chapter 5, situated in the historical development of Daoism from the Six Dynasties through the Sui and early Tang.
- Sources: Dunhuang manuscripts (Stein, Pelliot, and Russian collections; DZ numbers), a reconstructed ten-chapter outline, and secondary scholarship on Louguan, Highest Clarity, and Twofold Mystery.
- Analysis proceeds by comparing the revealing deities and interlocutors across chapters (summarized in the appendix) and reading narrative breaks and polemics against socio-political context at the Chang'an court.
Limitations
- Stated: it has not yet been established which chapters belong to Liu Jinxi's first version and which were added by Li Zhongqing; some chapters remain fragmentary.
- Stated: the socio-historical readings are hedged as possibilities ("may very well reflect," "may mirror," "seems to indicate") rather than demonstrated.
- Evident from the text: the argument for chapter 5's later insertion rests on narrative discontinuity and circumstantial dating rather than external documentary evidence, and the reconstruction of court factions (Louguan vs. Highest Clarity) is inferential.
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- Findingcitation§ The Framework Narrative · p. 14
The Highest Lord's ultimate identity with the Heavenly Worthy is established when Great Tenuity asks him about a vision of millions of Heavenly Worthies in the lands of the ten directions and he asserts that they are all emanations from his own body.
“This establishes his ultimate identity with the Heavenly Worthy: when Great Tenuity asks him about a vision of millions of Heavenly Worthies in the lands of the ten directions (reminiscent of the imagery in the Lotos sutra), he asserts that they are all are emanations from his own body”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
- Findingown data§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13
Zhang Daoling asks the Highest Lord of the Dao about the Heavenly Worthy's spiritual cultivation.
“He asks the Highest Lord of the Dao about the Heavenly Worthy's spiritual cultivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
- Findingown data§ The Framework Narrative · p. 14
In the eighth and ninth chapters, the Highest Lord presents complex philosophical concepts tied to the notion of the bodies of the Dao.
“In the eighth and ninth chapters, he presents complex philosophical concepts tied to the notion of the bodies of the Dao-along the lines of, but not identical with, the reasoning of the three bodies of the Buddha (trikaya).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
- Interpretationown data§ Abstract · p. 5
The position of Laozi in the Benji jing betrays tensions between him and the various deities of the southern traditions.
“A closer look at the position of the deity Laozi in the text, moreover, betrays tensions between him and the various deities of the southern traditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
- Premisenone given§ Abstract · p. 5
The southern deities had increasingly eclipsed Laozi until the rise of the Tang re-established him in the first ranks of the Daoist pantheon.
“The latter had increasingly eclipsed him until the rise of the Tang re-established him in the first ranks of the Daoist pantheon.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Interpretationreasoning§ Abstract · p. 5
These tensions may very well reflect tensions among different groups of Daoists in the process of integration during the Sui and the early Tang.
“I argue that these tensions may very well reflect tensions among different groups of Daoists in the process of integration during the Sui and the early Tang.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
- Premisecitation§ Conclusion · p. 24
Before Numinous Treasure, members of this tradition, inheriting methods and ideas of ancient magical practitioners and alchemists, jealously guarded powerful magical scriptures containing secret incantations or hidden methods for long life and immortality.
“Before Numinous Treasure, members of this tradition, inheriting the methods and ideas of ancient magical practitioners (fangshi 方士) and alchemists, had jealously guarded powerful magical scriptures that contained secret incantations or hidden methods for long life and immortality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Conclusion · p. 27
Only in 638, after the Sanhuang jing was censured for containing potentially subversive sentences, did the land allotment come to depend on knowledge of the Daode jing.
“Only in 638, after the Sanhuang jing (Three Sovereigns Scripture) was censured for containing potentially subversive sentences, did the land allotment come to depend on the knowledge of the Daode jing (T 2104, 3, 386ab).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites T 2104, 3, 386ab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion · p. 27
There was therefore quite likely also an economic dimension to the struggle for the predominance of Laozi over the teachings of the Three Caverns, a struggle between Louguan and the temples in the capital.
“There was therefore quite likely also an economic dimension to the a struggle for the predominance of Laozi over the teachings of the Three Caverns, a struggle between Louguan and the temples in the capital.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion · p. 27
The Benji jing chapter underscores that Daoist integration in the Sui and Tang was at times accompanied by bitterness and power struggles.
“The Benji jing chapter underscores that the Daoist integration in the Sui and Tang was at times accompanied by bitterness and power struggles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Conclusion · p. 27
A gloss in Daoxuan's Fo Dao lunheng shows that until the reign of Tang Taizong every Daoist, presumably as a resident of a monastery, received a land allotment of thirty mu when initiated into the Three Sovereigns level, a lower section of the Three Caverns.
“A gloss in Daoxuan's Fo Dao lunheng shows that until the reign of Tang Taizong every Daoist – presumably as a resident of a monastery received a land allotment of thirty mu54 when initiated into the Three Sovereigns level, a lower section of the Three Caverns.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites T 2104, 3, 386ab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kohn 2004, 64
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion · p. 27
It also shows that the process of doctrinal and organizational unification was not an abstract linear process but varied in direction and momentum depending on concrete circumstances and people.
“It also shows that the process of doctrinal and organizational unification was not an abstract linear process but rather varied in direction and momentum depending on concrete circumstances and people.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Conclusion · p. 26
One member of the Louguan group, Chi Hui, helped Li Yuan, the later Tang Gaozu, substantially in his campaign to conquer the capital.
“One member of the group, Chi Hui 豉暉, had been helping Li Yuan 李淵, the later Tang Gaozu 唐高祖, substantially in his campaign to conquer the capital.53”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Hunyuan sheng ji 8.1b-2ab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Benn 1977, 26-27
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 67
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 14In the sixth and seventh chapters, the Highest Lord relates concepts and similes regarding Buddhist-inspired terms, such as the Pure Land and the noble truth of suffering.
“In the sixth and seventh chapter, the Highest Lord relates concepts and similes regarding Buddhist-inspired terms, such as the Pure Land and the noble truth of suffering.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ Laozi · p. 17Fusang taidi intercedes on behalf of the immortals, reminding Laozi that the Highest Lord commissioned him to spread the great conversion widely and save all beings, including the immortals.
“Fusang (Fusang taidi 扶桑太帝),26 known as the ruler of the immortals, intercedes on their behalf.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingreasoning§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12The Heavenly Worthy illustrates the magical efficacy of the scripture, which is apt to help any country and its ruler to overcome all kinds of difficulty.
“He also illustrates the magical efficacy of the scripture, which is apt to help any country and its ruler to overcome all kinds of difficulty.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ Laozi · p. 15Yin Xi is first introduced in the fifth chapter.
“In fact, the latter is first introduced here.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13Laozi's teaching of Twofold Mystery is revealed in a meeting with the immortals.
“Laozi's teaching of Twofold Mystery is revealed in a meeting with the immortals.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12In the second chapter, the Heavenly Worthy invests the Highest Lord of the Dao as his successor.
“In the second chapter the Heavenly Worthy, about to leave this world forever, invests the Highest Lord of the Dao (Taishang daojun 太 上道君) as his successor.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 23After Laozi's essential instruction to the immortals, the framework narrative continues by having him install Yin Xi as their preceptor.
“After Laozi's essential instruction to the immortals, the framework narrative continues by having him install Yin Xi as their preceptor.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 23The audience recites a formula that confirms the text as part of integrated Daoism.
“The audience recites a formula, which confirms the text as part of integrated Daoism:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13Laozi entrusts his disciple Yin Xi to carry on his mission of saving all beings, just like the Heavenly Worthy entrusted the Highest Lord in the previous chapters.
“He entrusts his disciple Yin Xi to carry on his mission of saving all beings - just like the Heavenly Worthy has entrusted the Highest Lord in the previous chapters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13The third chapter emphasizes that the Heavenly Worthy is the spiritual master of the Highest Lord, and that the Highest Lord is the spiritual master of Zhang Daoling, thus creating an integrated lineage of teachings.
“The chapter emphasizes that the latter is the spiritual master of the former, and that the Highest Lord is the spiritual master of Zhang Daoling, thus creating an integrated lineage of teachings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Laozi · p. 17However, Laozi does not give in.
“However, Laozi does not give in.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingcitation§ Laozi · p. 15The fifth chapter begins with an introduction of the spiritual accomplishments of Yin Xi, then proceeds to describe Lord Lao answering questions regarding different Daoist practices posed by an audience of sage emperors or perfected kings, lords or counts, grand tutors or prime ministers.
“The chapter begins with an introduction of the spiritual accomplishments of Yin Xi, then proceeds to describe Lord Lao answering questions regarding different Daoist practices that are posed by an audience of”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ TheTeaching · p. 11The Benji jing claims to contain the highest, ultimate truth and to include and surpass all other scriptures.
“The Benji jing thus claims to contain the highest, ultimate truth and to include and surpass all other scriptures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 18Fusang excuses himself, claiming his failure to teach inferior beings is due not to lack of goodwill but to the inherent limitations of his scriptures, and praises Laozi's teaching as superior because it is accessible to all.
“Fusang cannot but excuse himself. He claims his failure to teach inferior beings is not because of a lack of goodwill; it is due to the inherent limitations of his scriptures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Laozi · p. 17Fusang's intervention makes Laozi sneer; he points out that the sacred teachings of Highest Clarity, which Fusang treasures, are never taught to lower immortals, and challenges Fusang's right to urge him.
“Fusang's intervention makes Laozi sneer. He points out that the sacred teachings of Highest Clarity, which Fusang treasures, are never taught to lower immortals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ Conclusion · p. 25The Benji jing clearly works with the issue of universal salvation versus esoteric teachings and emphasizes consistently and conspicuously that its text is accessible to all.
“The Benji jing clearly works with this issue. It emphasizes consistently and conspicuously that its text is accessible to all.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12The Heavenly Worthy answers ultimate questions of three Perfected: Xu Laile, the Sovereign of Celestial Perfection, and the Lord Azure Lad.
“He answers ultimate questions of three Perfected: Xu Laile 徐來勒, the Sovereign of Celestial Perfection (Tianzhen huangren 天真皇人) and the Lord Azure Lad (Qingtong jun 青童君).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Laozi · p. 17The immortals are desolate because of his refusal, they humbly admit to arrogance and adherence to wrong teachings, but to no avail.
“The immortals are desolate because of his refusal, they humbly admit to arrogance and adherence to wrong teachings, but to no avail.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown data§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 19After Laozi agrees to teach the immortals, all deities of the highest heavens, including the Heavenly Worthy, send officials to venerate him and beg him to teach.
“Now that Laozi is finally moved to pity the immortals and agrees to teach them, all the deities of the highest heavens, including the Heavenly Worthy, send their officials to venerate him and beg him to teach.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingreasoning§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13The framework narrative of these four chapters presents a coherent story, establishing master-disciple relationships between the Heavenly Worthy, the Highest Lord of the Dao, and Zhang Daoling.
“The framework narrative of these four chapters thus presents a coherent story, establishing master-disciple relationships between the Heavenly Worthy as the first deity and master teacher, the Highest Lord of the Dao as his disciple, and Zhang Daoling as the latter's student.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12In the end, the Heavenly Worthy leaves, having entrusted the Highest Lord of the Dao to remain and continue his mission to save all beings.
“In the end the Heavenly Worthy leaves, having entrusted the Highest Lord of the Dao to remain and continue his mission to save all beings.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ Conclusion · p. 24Laozi's teaching promised universal salvation accessible to all.
“Laozi's teaching also promised universal salvation accessible to all.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ TheTeaching · p. 11In the Benji jing, the teaching of Twofold Mystery is praised as the Great Vehicle that offers universal salvation.
“In the Benji jing, the teaching of Twofold Mystery teaching is praised as the Great Vehicle that offers universal salvation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingown data§ Laozi · p. 16An immortal called Meng Deran, acting as speaker for a large group of immortals, asks Laozi to impart his teaching to the immortals.
“An immortal called Meng Deran 孟德然,22 acting as speaker for a large group of immortals, asks Laozi to impart his teaching to the immortals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Laozi · p. 17The dialogue continues, the immortals humiliate themselves, acknowledge their faults, cry and wail.
“The dialogue continues, the immortals humiliate themselves, acknowledge their faults, cry and wail.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13The fifth chapter breaks the narrative thread.
“The fifth chapter breaks this narrative thread.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ Laozi · p. 16After the polite and flattering request, Lord Lao's response is surprisingly harsh.
“After this polite and flattering request, Lord Lao's response is surprisingly harsh:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12Remnants of several separate traditions become obvious in the main protagonists of the narrative.
“To begin, remnants of several separate traditions become obvious when we look at the”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 14The revealing deity in the following chapters is again the Highest Lord of the Dao, in cooperation with or deferring to the Heavenly Worthy.
“The revealing deity is again the Highest Lord of the Dao, in cooperation with or deferring to the Heavenly Worthy.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12The Heavenly Worthy himself has ordered all other deities, including dragon kings and nature spirits, to protect any place where the scripture is properly venerated.
“This is because the Heavenly Worthy himself has ordered all other deities, including dragon kings and nature spirits, to protect any place where the scripture is properly venerated.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ TheTeaching · p. 11The Benji jing integrates Daoist teachings and Buddhist concepts, notably ideas of karmic retribution and the Pure Land, into a systematic whole.
“The Benji jing integrates Daoist teachings and Buddhist concepts, notably ideas of karmic retribution and the Pure Land, 13 into a systematic whole.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ TheTeaching · p. 11The Benji jing purports to be the last teaching of the Heavenly Worthy before he ascended to the highest realm.
“it also purports to be the last teaching of the Heavenly Worthy before he ascended to the highest realm.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 18Laozi is pleased by Fusang's humble request recognizing the superiority of his teaching and finally consents to impart it to the lower immortals.
“Laozi is obviously pleased by this humble request of the great Fusang who explicitly recognizes the superiority of his teaching. He finally consents to impart it to the lower immortals.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown data§ Laozi · p. 15The fifth chapter not only emphasizes Laozi as the main deity, it also gives particular weight to the Daode jing and to Yin Xi.
“The chapter not only emphasizes Laozi as the main deity, it also gives particular weight to the Daode jing and to Yin Xi.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 14The tenth chapter, clearly originally independent, relates a heavenly scene where the Heavenly Worthy receives the perfected beings and relates stories of their former lives.
“The tenth chapter, clearly originally independent, 20 relates a heavenly scene where the Heavenly Worthy receives the perfected beings and relates stories of their former lives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 14The following chapters do not mention Laozi again.
“The following chapters do not mention Laozi again.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingown data§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13The third chapter introduces Zhang Daoling.
“The third chapter introduces Zhang Daoling 張道陵”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13Without any transition, Laozi appears as the revealing deity in the fifth chapter.
“Without any transition, Laozi appears as the revealing deity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingnone given§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 18Laozi smiles and answers that the secret scriptures of Jade Clarity, Highest Clarity, Divine Perfection, Great Clarity, and the Yellow Court are recited only in deepest secrecy, never letting medium-rank immortals hear them, yet Fusang urges him to teach low-ranking creatures.
“You never let immortals of medium rank hear them, yet now you call on me and urge me to teach the profound subtleties of Dao and virtue to these low ranking creatures? How do you explain that?”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Findingcitation§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 22Laozi refers to his prior refusal to teach the immortals, arguing that if he told them even a fraction of the true teaching and they did not practice it properly, this would add to their bad karma.
“Laozi refers here to an argument of his prior refusal to teach the immortals before Fusang interceded. He had argued that if he told them even a fraction of the true teaching, and then they would not practice it properly, this would add to their bad karma.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 20Miraculous signs appear and Lord Lao teaches the truth of Twofold Mystery.
“At this point, miraculous signs appear and Lord Lao teaches the truth of Twofold Mystery.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone given§ Laozi · p. 17Laozi remains adamant, accusing the immortals of being conceited and self-righteous.
“Laozi remains adamant, accusing them of being conceited and self-righteous.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13This coherent story fits nicely in a Numinous Treasure or Three Caverns context.
“This fits nicely in a Numinous Treasure or Three Caverns context.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Conclusion · p. 24Laozi's explication of Twofold Mystery matched the teaching of the Mādhyamika, propagated in the popular Three Treatises school of Buddhism and possibly regarded as the most evolved form of logic and thinking at the time.
“His explication of Twofold Mystery not only matched the teaching of the Mādhyamika, propagated in the popular Three Treatises (Sanlun 三論) school of Buddhism and possibly regarded as the most evolved form of logic and thinking at the time.50”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Jizang 吉藏
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Han 1987, 32
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Assandri 2004, 509-511
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 23This shows that Daoists perceived, understood, and addressed the issue of the relation between ethics and non-duality.
“It shows that Daoists perceived, un- derstood, and addressed this issue.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Abstract · p. 5The Benji jing was composed during the Sui and early Tang dynasties.
“The text was composed during the Sui and early Tang dynasties”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 24The formula underscores that even if Laozi is the revealing deity and has gained a status more important than the Heavenly Worthy and other Three Caverns deities, this change in status does not claim to originate in a new tradition.
“This formula underscores that even if Laozi is the revealing deity here and has gained a status more important than the illustrious Heavenly Worthy and other deities of the Three Caverns, this change in status of Laozi does not claim to originate in a new tradition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Laozi · p. 15Later the location was shifted to Louguan where new and more complex elements were added, such as a set of oral instructions which Laozi supposedly passed to Yin Xi in addition to the written text of the Daode jing.
“Later the location was shifted to Louguan where and new and more complex elements were added, such as a set of oral instructions, which Laozi supposedly passed to Yin Xi in addition to the written text of the Daode jing.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Kohn 1997 source
- cites Kohn 1998
- cites Kohn 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 21In this text, step three and step four of the tetra lemma negate each other, creating a paradox instead of a logical reductio ad absurdum, unlike the regular tetra lemma.
“Quite different from the normal pattern, Laozi here has step three and step four negate each other, creating a paradox instead of a logical reductio ad absurdum.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion · p. 24This underscores an important issue in the formation of integrated Daoism: the question of universal salvation versus secret and esoteric teachings.
“This latter point underscores an important issue in the formation of integrated Daoism: the question of universal salvation versus secret and esoteric teachings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Laozi · p. 15The actual story of the fifth chapter starts after this, its general tone quite polemic and conveying the impression of an underlying tension between Laozi (or his followers) and the gods and adepts of the southern traditions.
“After this, the actual story of the chapter starts, its general tone quite polemic and conveying the impression of an underlying tension between Laozi (or his followers) and the gods and adepts of the southern traditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Premisenone given§ Conclusion · p. 26Many of the traditions subsumed in the newly emerging order of initiation were originally independent, often centered in specific local areas, temples, and monasteries.
“Many of the traditions subsumed in the newly emerging order of initiation were originally independent, often centered in specific definite local areas, temples, and monasteries.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationreasoning§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 22The logical outcome of non-duality could be an elimination of the concept of ethical behavior, since ethics works within a frame of distinctions between good and bad.
“The logic outcome of non-duality could be an elimination of the concept of ethical behavior, since ethics works within a frame of distinctions between good and bad.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Framework Narrative · p. 13The fifth chapter shows signs of a polemic struggle between Laozi and the immortals and may well reflect a contest between proponents of the esoteric tradition of the Three Caverns and adepts of other traditions, maybe related to Louguan.
“This shows signs of a polemic struggle between Laozi and the immortals and may well reflect a contest between proponents of the esoteric tradition of the Three Caverns and adepts of other traditions, maybe related to Louguan.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12Written in Chang'an in two installments and under two different dynasties with differing attitudes toward Daoism, the text reflects various aspects of the integration process.
“Written in Chang'an in two installments and under two different dynasties with differing attitudes toward Daoism, the text reflects various aspects of the integration process.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone given§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 22Non-duality teaches that distinctions like good and bad should be overcome, while ethics, referring to human behavior, distinguishes between good and bad.
“Non-duality teaches that distinctions like good and bad should be overcome, while ethics, referring to human behavior, distinguish between good and bad.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Abstract · p. 5The framework narrative of the Benji jing reflects internal Daoist struggles and highlights the problems of the esoteric transmission of scriptures.
“The framework narrative, as seen in the hermeneutical context of the historical development of Daoism, reflects internal Daoist struggles and highlights the problems of the esoteric transmission of scriptures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisereasoning§ Laozi · p. 15Laozi wrote the Daode jing upon Yin Xi's request and left it with him.
“Laozi thus wrote the Daode jing upon his request and left it with him.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Shiji account of Yin Xi is reliable for the early legend.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 23The deity underscores that epistemological considerations must not be confused with ethical considerations, and his statement guards against the relativism of ethical values, a potential logical derivative of non-dualism.
“The deity makes sure to underscore that under no circumstances should the epistemological consideration be confused with ethical considerations. His statement thus guards against the relativism of ethical values, potentially a logical derivative of non-dualism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 22The underlying issue of the discourse is the philosophical problem of the relation between ethics and non-duality.
“The underlying issue of the discourse is the philosophical problem of the relation between ethics and non-duality.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 23This is not an invitation to total relativism; it does not question the practical need of good action or good moral conduct, which is a prerequisite for spiritual cultivation.
“However, this is definitely not an invitation to total relativism. It does not question or put into doubt the practical need of good action, or good moral conduct, which is a prerequisite for spiritual cultivation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion · p. 24Chapter 5 of the Benji jing shows Laozi making a forceful comeback in the early Tang dynasty after being overshadowed and marginalized during the Six Dynasties in the Three Caverns teachings and by the Heavenly Worthy.
“To sum up, chapter 5 of the Benji jing shows how Laozi was making a forceful comeback in the early Tang dynasty after having been overshadowed and marginalized during the Six Dynasties in the Three Caverns teachings and by the figure of the Heavenly Worthy.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ Laozi · p. 15According to early legend as outlined in Laozi's biography in the Shiji, Yin Xi was the guardian of the Hangu Pass when Laozi decided to leave the Zhou.
“According to early legend as already outlined in Laozi's biography in the Shiji (Historical Records, ch. 63), Yin Xi was the guardian of the Hangu Pass when Laozi decided to leave the Zhou.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shiji
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Rests on an assumption: The Shiji account of Yin Xi is reliable for the early legend.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion · p. 25There is a clear undertone of great frustration and mean vindictiveness in the description of Laozi's reaction to the immortals' requests.
“However, there is also a clear undertone of great frustration and mean vindictiveness in the description of Laozi's reaction to the immortals' requests.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationreasoning§ Laozi · p. 15This introduction presumably serves to establish Laozi as the trusted advisor of emperors and ministers.
“This introduction presumably serves to establish Laozi as the trusted advisor of emperors and ministers - a role traditionally ascribed to the god and which possibly gained more impetus in the context of court Daoism.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Conclusion · p. 25The esoteric quality of the materials did not go well with claims of universality and did not allow public propagation of the scriptures.
“But this esoteric quality of the materials did not go well with claims of universality. Even worse, it did not allow public propagation of the scriptures (Assandri 2005, 434).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Assandri 2005, 434 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12While the philosophical teaching of the scripture promotes nonduality in the form of Twofold Mystery, the framework narrative shows traces and reflections of the Daoist integration and tends to betray conflict and polemics.
“While the philosophical teaching of the scripture promotes nonduality in the form of Twofold Mystery, the framework narrative shows traces and reflections of the Daoist integration and tends to betray conflict and polemics.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone given§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 23Good exists only as a relative term and when applied in relation to its opposite; if one side of the pair is eliminated, the other ceases to exist because it is no longer definable.
“In other words, good exists only as a relative term and when applied in relation to its opposite. If one side of the pair is eliminated, the other side automatically ceases to exist because it is not definable anymore.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ Laozi · p. 15The obvious break in the narrative suggests that the fifth chapter was added later, possibly after Laozi was declared the imperial ancestor of the Tang.
“The obvious break in the narrative suggests that it was added later, possibly after Laozi was declared the imperial ancestor of the Tang”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisecitation§ The Framework Narrative · p. 12These three Perfected are usually associated with the revelation and transmission of the Highest Clarity and Numinous Treasure scriptures.
“These three are usually associated with the revelation and transmission of the Highest Clarity and Numinous Treasure scriptures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Bokenkamp 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationnone given§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 21Laozi's reasoning follows the pattern of the classical tetra lemma as applied in Mādhyamika and Twofold Mystery thinking.
“So far, Laozi's reasoning seems to follow the pattern of the classical tetra lemma as applied in Mādhyamika and Twofold Mystery thinking.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ TheTeaching · p. 11The fundamental outlook of the Benji jing represents mature Twofold Mystery thought.
“Its fundamental outlook represents mature Twofold Mystery thought (chongxuan xue 重玄學).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Robinet 1977
- cites Kohn 1991
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion · p. 25This may well mirror the fact that for over a century Daoists who were not among the 'chosen few' initiated into the Three Caverns were denied access to powerful sources of bliss and eternal life.
“This may well mirror the fact that for over a century Daoists who were not among the 'chosen few' initiated into the Three Caverns were denied access to these powerful sources of bliss and eternal life.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisecitation§ Conclusion · p. 26In the developing hierarchy of integrated Daoism, initiation into the Highest Clarity scriptures was the last in a series of transmissions and therefore led to the highest ranks within the forming Daoist organization.
“Considering that in the developing hierarchy of integrated Daoism, initiation into the Highest Clarity scriptures was the last in a series of transmissions and therefore led to the highest ranks within the forming Daoist organization,52”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kohn 2004, 67, 131-46
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ Conclusion · p. 25The context for this emphasis is illustrated in the fifth chapter: Laozi's teaching of Twofold Mystery is superior to the teachings of the Three Caverns precisely because it is universally accessible.
“The context for this emphasis is illustrated in the fifth chapter: Laozi's teaching of Twofold Mystery is superior to the teachings of the Three Caverns precisely because it is universally accessible.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationreasoning§ 14 / Journal of Daoist Studies 1 (2008) · p. 19Laozi, formerly marginalized in the Three Caverns tradition and a lower player among its gods, is again surrounded by emissaries of the highest deities humbly begging him to reveal his great teaching.
“At this point we find Laozi, formerly marginalized in the teachings of the Three Caverns tradition and a lower player among their illustrious gods, again surrounded by the emissaries of all the highest deities, humbly begging him to reveal his great teaching.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone given§ Conclusion · p. 26This tension may have had less to do with doctrinal developments of Daoism than with the socio-political realities at the court in Chang'an.
“This tension may have had less to do with the doctrinal developments of Daoism, than with the socio-political realities at the court in Chang'an.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The Benji jing text as reconstructed from Dunhuang manuscripts is sufficiently complete and faithful to support analysis of its narrative frame.
“The text of the Benji jing has survived in many Dunhuang manuscripts, which testifies to its popularity during Tang times and allowed a reconstruction of the outline of the text.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Shiji account of Yin Xi is reliable for the early legend.
“According to early legend as already outlined in Laozi's biography in the Shiji (Historical Records, ch. 63), Yin Xi was the guardian of the Hangu Pass when Laozi decided to leave the Zhou.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rhetorical features of the Benji jing, such as irony, gloating, and bitterness, are intentional and meaningful for interpreting the text's historical context.
“The text depicts a certain gloating when Laozi first addresses the plight of the immortals. It has ironic humor mixed with bitterness.”
Citations
Cites
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UNDERSTANDING DOUBLE MYSTERY: DAOISM IN EARLY TANG AS MIRRORED IN THE FDLH (T 2104) AND CHONGXUANXUE
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Self-citationWas Celestial Master Zhang a historical figure
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mather, Richard. 1979. "K'ou Ch'ien-chih and the Taoist Theocracy at the Northern Wei Court 425-451." In Facets of Taoism, edited by Holmes Welch and Anna Seidel, 103-22. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Assandri, F. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13040347 · Cited by 2
Self-citationPerfuming and Divine Scents in the Soteriology of Medieval Buddhism and Daoism
Ro, S.-H. (2025) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel16040517 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Assandri, F.
- Corresponding author
- Assandri, Friederike
- ORCID
- Assandri, Friederike
- Venue
- Journal of Daoist Studies
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-27
- ISSN
- 1941-5516 (ISSN-L)
- 1941-5524
- OpenAlex
- W2566571861
- Semantic Scholar
- e52ac7c4b51a63c3c8e52fcfcd71e8a82984300e
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Daoist studies (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History › Chinese history and philosophy
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Indian and Buddhist Studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Historical, Religious, and Philosophical Studies
- Keywords
- Laozi, Daoism, Six Dynasties, Sui dynasty, early Tang dynasty, Daoist scriptures, frame narrative, imperial patronage, Daoism and Buddhism, cosmology
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