The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Legacies of American Slavery: Status Attainment among Southern Blacks after Emancipation
Abstract
This study examines the legacy of American slavery at the individual, intragenerational level by analyzing life-history data from roughly 1,400 ex-slaves and free blacks covering the antebellum and postbellum periods. We test a model of durable inequality that considers the potentially vicious circle created by status persistence across institutional regimes. Our findings suggest that the antebellum regime evidenced partial institutional reproduction in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, owing to the fact that the antebellum distinction of free blacks and slaves had durable status effects long after emancipation, but over time, black status attainment became largely decoupled from the internal hierarchy of slavery. Mediating effects, for example, the Freedmen Bureaus educational interventions and the black diaspora, also served to curtail the reproduction of antebellum status. Implications are pursued with respect to both institutional theory and stratification research.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Shortly after emancipation, to stabilize the U.S. southern economy, which was based on agricultural production, the Union army encouraged newly emancipated African Americans to return to their former occupations (Ruef & Fletcher, 2003: 453).”
From Dress and Labor: An Intersectional Interpretation of Clothing and Adornment Artifacts Recovered from the Levi Jordan Plantation (2022) · cites this paper as Ruef & Fletcher, 2003: 453
In the citing paper
“Institutional structures of racism, classism, and sexism formed the foundation of wage, sharecropping, and tenant farming agricultural labor (Ruef & Fletcher, 2003: 447;Crouch, 2007: 69-92).”
From Dress and Labor: An Intersectional Interpretation of Clothing and Adornment Artifacts Recovered from the Levi Jordan Plantation (2022) · cites this paper as Ruef & Fletcher, 2003: 447
Citations
Cites
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
(1969) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.45.527.642 · Cited by 14,231
Mills, C. W. (1959) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1891592 · Cited by 8,907
The American Occupational Structure.
Blalock, H. M., Blau, P. M., Duncan, O. D., & Tyree, A. (1968) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2092399 · Cited by 4,412
A standard international socio-economic index of occupational status
Ganzeboom, H. B. G., de Graaf, P. M., & Treiman, D. J. (1992) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/0049-089x(92)90017-b · Cited by 3,120
A statistical model for the analysis of ordinal level dependent variables
McKelvey, R. D., & Zavoina, W. J. (1975) · Journal of Mathematical Sociology · doi:10.1080/0022250x.1975.9989847 · Cited by 2,632
The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies.
Deane, G., Erikson, R. S., & Goldthorpe, J. H. (1994) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2579793 · Cited by 2,139
Organizational Environments: Ritual and Rationality.
Clark, D. L., Meyer, J. W., & Scott, W. R. (1985) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393114 · Cited by 1,692
Institutions and Organizations.
Dacin, M. T., & Scott, W. R. (1997) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2393661 · Cited by 1,584
The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935
Anderson, J. (1988) · doi:10.5149/uncp/9780807842218 · Cited by 1,410
Scenes of subjection: terror, slavery, and self-making in nineteenth-century America
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-2898 · Cited by 1,350
The “Actors” of Modern Society: The Cultural Construction of Social Agency
Meyer, J. W., & Jepperson, R. L. (2000) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1111/0735-2751.00090 · Cited by 1,250
Regression with Missing X 's: A Review
Little, R. J. A. (1992) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1992.10476282 · Cited by 968
Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis
Devine, F., & Wright, E. O. (1997) · British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.2307/591617 · Cited by 829
Some Principles of Stratification
Davis, K., & Moore, W. E. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429494468-2 · Cited by 789
Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made
Kilson, M., & Genovese, E. D. (1976) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1863912 · Cited by 782
The Negro Family in the United States
Johnson, C. S., & Frazier, E. F. (1949) · Marriage and Family Living · doi:10.2307/347898 · Cited by 706
The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925.
McFeely, W. S., & Gutman, H. G. (1977) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2207653 · Cited by 621
Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880
Du Bois, W. E. B. (2001) · Racism: Essential Readings · doi:10.4135/9781446220986.n4 · Cited by 537
Without consent or contract: the rise and fall of American slavery
(1990) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-4712 · Cited by 535
One kind of freedom: the economic consequences of emancipation
(2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-0424 · Cited by 374
The American Slave: A Composite Autobiography
Miller, R. M., Rawick, G. P., Hillegas, J., & Lawrence, K. (1979) · ASA Review of Books · doi:10.2307/532383 · Cited by 367
Farber, D., & Litwack, L. F. (1999) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2649423 · Cited by 365
Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery.
Kirby, J. B., & Litwack, L. F. (1980) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2207778 · Cited by 319
Up from Slavery: An Autobiography
Washington, B. T. (2001) · Cited by 274
Concepts and Measurement of Prestige
Wegener, B. (1992) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.001345 · Cited by 224
Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment The Political Economy of the Caribbean World
Stinchcombe, A. L. (1995) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · doi:10.1515/9781400822003 · Cited by 155
The Black Worker: The Negro and the Labor Movement.
Abrahamson, A., Spero, S. D., & Harris, A. L. (1931) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2277929 · Cited by 154
Using the Testimony of Ex-Slaves: Approaches and Problems
Blassingame, J. W. (1975) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2205559 · Cited by 145
At freedom's edge: black mobility and the Southern white quest for racial control, 1861-1915
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-1091 · Cited by 108
Twelfth Census of the United States
Boos, G. E. (1900) · Scientific American · doi:10.1038/scientificamerican06091900-20445supp · Cited by 95
The Meaning of Freedom: Economics, Politics, and Culture after Slavery.
Woodman, H. D., McGlynn, F., & Drescher, S. (1993) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/2079907 · Cited by 91
Woodson, C. G. (1924) · Cited by 88
Persistent Advantage or Disadvantage?: Evidence in Support of the Intergenerational Drag Hypothesis
Darity, W. A. J., Dietrich, J., & Guilkey, D. K. (2001) · American Journal of Economics and Sociology · doi:10.1111/1536-7150.00070 · Cited by 86
Slavery Remembered: A Record of Twentieth-Century Slave Narratives
Rawick, G. P., & Escott, P. D. (1980) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/1860704 · Cited by 83
Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century America.
Schwartz, M. J., & King, W. (2000) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2587684 · Cited by 82
After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina During Reconstruction, 1861- 1877.
Lewis, E. M., & Williamson, J. (1966) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2204734 · Cited by 81
A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina
Morgan, L., & Schwalm, L. A. (1999) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.2307/2649405 · Cited by 72
Slavery in the American Mountain South
Dunaway, W. A., & Hancock, S. (2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-2990 · Cited by 70
Negro Involuntary Servitude in the South, 1865-1940: A Preliminary Analysis
Cohen, W. S. (1976) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2205660 · Cited by 70
Occupational Classification in History
Katz, M. B. (1972) · The Journal of Interdisciplinary History · doi:10.2307/202462 · Cited by 69
Woodson, C. G. (1918) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 67
Educational Selection in the Migration of Southern Blacks, 1880-1990
Tolnay, S. E. (1998) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/77.2.487 · Cited by 54
Greene, L. J., & Woodson, C. G. (1976) · University of Michigan Library Repository · Cited by 47
Out of the Mouths of Ex-Slaves
Cade, J. B. (1935) · The Journal of Negro History · doi:10.2307/2714721 · Cited by 47
Class Structure and Economic Development in the American South, 1865–1955
Wiener, J. M. (1979) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/84.4.970 · Cited by 42
Occupational status in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
Hauser, R. M. (1982) · Historical Methods A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History · doi:10.1080/01615440.1982.10594086 · Cited by 36
Du Bois and Diasporic Identity: The Veil and the Unveiling Project
Blau, J. R., & Brown, E. S. (2001) · Sociological Theory · doi:10.1111/0735-2751.00137 · Cited by 36
Negro Labor in the United States, 1850-1925: A Study in American Economic History
Lescohier, D. D., & Wesley, C. H. (1928) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1891695 · Cited by 34
Ex-Slave Interviews and the Historiography of Slavery
Yetman, N. R. (1984) · American Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2712724 · Cited by 33
Woodward, C. V., & Rawick, G. P. (1974) · The American Historical Review · doi:10.1086/ahr/79.2.470 · Cited by 27
Unwritten History of Slavery: Autobiographical Accounts of Negro Ex-Slaves.
Jones, R. R. (1969) · The Journal of Southern History · doi:10.2307/2206855 · Cited by 24
The Metamorphosis of Slavery, 1865-1900
Daniel, P. (1979) · Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1894675 · Cited by 23
Salient Life Events in Three-Generation Families
Hurwicz, M., Durham, C. C., Boyd-davis, S. L., Gatz, M., & Bengtson, V. L. (1992) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/47.1.p11 · Cited by 18
Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America
Berk, S. M., Horton, J. O., Horton, L. E., et al. (2002) · The History Teacher · doi:10.2307/3054184 · Cited by 17
Stratification in the Ante-Bellum South
Moore, W. E., & Williams, R. M. (1942) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2085363 · Cited by 15
The Union Army as an Educational Institution for Negroes, 1862-1865
Blassingame, J. W. (1965) · The Journal of Negro Education · doi:10.2307/2294350 · Cited by 11
Statutory history of the United States ; Civil rights
Schwartz, B. (1970) · McGraw-Hill eBooks · Cited by 8
Work, culture, and the slave community: Slave occupations in the cotton belt in 1860
Johnson, M. P. (1986) · Labor History · doi:10.1080/00236568608584842 · Cited by 7
Jacobs, D. M. (1981) · Greenwood eBooks · doi:10.5040/9798400669552 · Cited by 2
Changing Places: Slave Movement in the South
Davis, J. E. (1993) · Historian · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1993.tb00917.x · Cited by 1
Cited by
Conceptualizing Historical Organization Studies
Maclean, M., Harvey, C., & Clegg, S. R. (2016) · Academy of Management Review · doi:10.5465/amr.2014.0133 · Cited by 410
Flewellen, A. O. (2022) · Archaeologies · doi:10.1007/s11759-022-09443-4 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Ruef, M., & Fletcher, B.
- Venue
- Social Forces
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-12-01
- Volume
- 82
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 445-480
- ISSN
- 0037-7732
- 1534-7605
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 60
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.