The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Unfair by Design: The War on Drugs, Race, and the Legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System
Abstract
Over the past 30 years federal and state policies have increasingly pursued a harsh, "tough on crime" position. With the "war on drugs" and allied changes in sentencing practices and policing policies, the US has witnessed a sharp increase in the proportion of citizens incarcerated or under some form of supervision by the state. This transformation has fallen with special severity on African Americans, especially low-income black males. To many analysts, the deepening racialization of the chances of criminal incarceration was at least a foreseeable, if not predictable and intended, consequence of these policy changes. The purpose of this essay, based on new focus group research and newly designed national sample survey data, is to assess the perceptions and consequences of these changes for African Americans' judgments about the legitimacy of the criminal justice system.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of both white and black respondents (90 and 93 percent, respectively) said they would call the police; however, only 35 percent of blacks expected to be taken seriously, compared with 60 percent of whites.”
From Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community (2016) · cites this paper as Bobo and Thompson 2006
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of both white and black respondents (90 and 93 percent, respectively) said they would call the police; however, only 35 percent of blacks expected to be taken seriously, compared with 60 percent of whites.”
From Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community (2016) · cites this paper as Bobo and Thompson 2006
Citations
Cites
Pager, D. (2003) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/374403 · Cited by 2,840
Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in U.S. incarceration
Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/000312240406900201 · Cited by 1,499
A TASTE FOR PUNISHMENT: Black and White Americans' Views on the Death Penalty and the War on Drugs
Bobo, L. D., & Johnson, D. (2004) · Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x04040081 · Cited by 353
Self-citationIntroduction: The Meaning of Mass Imprisonment
GARLAND, D. (2001) · Punishment & Society · doi:10.1177/14624740122228203 · Cited by 128
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Police Violence and Citizen Crime Reporting in the Black Community
Desmond, M., Papachristos, A. V., & Kirk, D. S. (2016) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.1177/0003122416663494 · Cited by 541
Collateral Damage: The Health Effects of Invasive Police Encounters in New York City
Sewell, A. A., & Jefferson, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-015-0016-7 · Cited by 273
Ermasova, N., & Ceka, E. (2025) · Public Organization Review · doi:10.1007/s11115-025-00853-w · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Bobo, L. D., & Thompson, V.
- Venue
- Social Research: An International Quarterly
- Publisher
- Project MUSE
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 445-472
- ISSN
- 1944-768X
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 4
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
