Control of deep-sea benthic community structure by oxygen and organic-matter gradients in the eastern Pacific Ocean
Abstract
At boundaries of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs), bathyal faunas experience steep gradients in oxygen and organic-matter availability. This study compares changes in microbial, meiofaunal, macrofaunal and megafaunal benthic assemblages along these gradients on Volcano 7, a 2.3-km high seamount in the E tropical Pacific. Faunal tolerance to dysaerobic (low oxygen) conditions varies with organism size; microbial and meiofaunal abundances are less affected than macro- and megafaunal abundances. At the exceedingly low concentrations (<0.1 ml/l) encountered on the upper summit of Volcano 7, oxygen appears to exert primary control over abundance, composition and diversity of macrofauna, overriding other factors such as food availability and sediment grain size. When oxygen concentration is sufficient, food availability in sediments is highly correlated with meiofaunal and macrofaunal abundance. -from Authors
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Sponges were observed on the Volcano 7 seamount in the eastern tropical Pacific, where oxygen concentrations ranged from 4.5 to 7.2 μM O2.
“Sponges were also observed on the Volcano 7 seamount in the eastern tropical Pacific, where oxygen concentrations ranged from 4.5 to 7.2 μM O 2 (31) .”
From Oxygen requirements of the earliest animals (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
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“…first reported on the West African margin off Walvis Bay by Sanders (1969), and has since been observed in the eastern Pacific on a seamount off Mexico (Levin et al. 1991), on the Peru and Chile margins (Levin et al. unpublished data), and in the NW Arabian Sea off Oman (Levin et al. 1997b, 2000).”
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Neira, C., Sellanes, J., Levin, L. A., & Arntz, W. (2001) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/s0967-0637(01)00018-8 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
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“…7.2–11.3 21.7–110.4 Chilean Fisheries Development Program, FIP2004-09 A R T IC L E IN P R E S S Gadiformes Macrouridae Nezumia liolepis Smooth grenadier Volcano 7 (eastern equatorial Pacific), US Pacific margin (northeastern Pacific) 450–1660 4.5–6.5 3.5–43.8 Friedman et al. (2012),…”
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“5 10 .6 87 .4 F o ra m in ife ra M' 63 lm in 0} 1 cm N 14 70 0 N /A N /A 58 6 N /A A bu n da nc e (in d. 10 cm ~ 2) et al., 1997; Levin et al., 1991).”
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“Transect sampling in these areas has revealed strong O2 effects on macrofaunal density and diversity below 0.15 mlÆl)1, with diversity increasing dramatically at 0.2–0.3 mlÆl)1 (Levin et al. 1991, 2000, 2002, 2009).”
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“Plentiful food supply (such as seen off Cape Hatteras) may be a good indication, however the sites most readily predicted to exhibit this type of biological C-processing are those in the lower reaches of other OMZs, such as on Volcano 7 in the eastern tropical Pacific (Levin et al., 1991) and on the Oman margin (Levin…”
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“, 2002), or to the aplacophoran-dominated system on the summit of Volcano 7, eastern Pacific (Levin et al., 1991).”
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“Consistent with this, another characteristic reported for the benthic assemblages within and beyond the OMZ at many sites, is a sharp zonation within the lower OMZ transition zone (e.g. Volcano 7 off Mexico – Levin et al. 1991; Wishner et al. 1995; Oman – Levin et al. 2000; Chile – Gallardo et al. 2004; Pakistan margi…”
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Self-citationLaudien, J., Rojo, M. E., Oliva, M. E., et al. (2007) · Helgoland Marine Research · doi:10.1007/s10152-007-0057-8 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Oxygen limitation (Levin et al. 1991) explains the low diversity during non-EN years at deeper bottoms (Palma et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialHunter, W. R., Levin, L. A., Kitazato, H., & Witte, U. F. M. (2012) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-9-993-2012 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“By contrast, seafloor outside the OMZ’s influence are characterised by low-density, macrofaunal assemblages (Levin et al., 1991, 2000, 2009; Ingole et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBenthic megafaunal community structure of cobalt-rich manganese crusts on Necker Ridge
Morgan, N. B., Cairns, S. D., Reiswig, H. M., & Baco, A. R. (2015) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2015.07.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“oxygen, salinity, substrate chemical composition, and substrate type, appear to structure community changeover rather than depth or distance (Levin et al., 1991; Wishner et al., 1990; McClain et al., 2010; Bo et al., 2011; Sautya et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPopulation Genetics of Bathyal and Abyssal Organisms
Creasey, S., & Rogers, A. D. (1999) · Advances in marine biology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2881(08)60004-8 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Creasey, S., Rogers, A. D., Tyler, P. A., Young, C. M., & Gage, J. (1997) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0027 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Guilini, K., Levin, L. A., & Vanreusel, A. (2011) · Progress In Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.10.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmidt, G., Phongsuwan, N., Jantzen, C., Roder, C. M., Khokiattiwong, S., & Richter, C. (2012) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps09682 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Patterns in Deep-Sea Macroecology
McClain, C. R., Rex, M. A., & Etter, R. J. (2009) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226904146.003.0003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Megafaunal responses to strong oxygen gradients on the Pakistan margin of the Arabian Sea
Murty, S. J., Bett, B. J., & GOODAY, A. J. (2008) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.029 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ramey, P., & Snelgrove, P. (2003) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps262215 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Both variables limit infaunal abundance (Lopez-Jumar 1981, Levin et al. 1991).”
BackgroundAdaptive strategies of sponges to deoxygenated oceans
Micaroni, V., Strano, F., McAllen, R., Woods, L., TURNER, J. R. G., Harman, L. A., & Bell, J. J. (2021) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.16013 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“In addition, these sponges living in anoxia are all thin crusts, with a very high surface- to- volume ratio, which could favour the exchange of gases and the release of metabolic waste (Levin et al., 1991).”
BackgroundCommunity structure in Florida Escarpment seep and Snake Pit (Mid-Atlantic Ridge) vent mussel beds
Turnipseed, M., Jenkins, C. D., & Dover, C. L. V. (2004) · Marine Biology · doi:10.1007/s00227-004-1304-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Levin et al. 1991; Cosson-Sarradin et al. 1998; Rex et al. 2000; Frouin and Hutchings 2001); the gastropod Xylodiscula sp. may be an exception (Marshall 1994; Hoeisaeter and Johannessen 2001; Ware´ n and Bouchet 2001).”
BackgroundEvolution and Ecology of Ophryotrocha (Dorvilleidae, Eunicida)
Thornhill, D. J., Dahlgren, T. G., & Halanych, K. M. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470455203.ch13 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Epi-benthic megafaunal zonation across an oxygen minimum zone at the Indian continental margin
Hunter, W. R., OGURI, K., Kitazato, H., Ansari, Z. A., & Witte, U. F. M. (2011) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2011.04.004 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“These broadly correspond to the zonation 366 pattern implicit in the biofacies model of Levin et al. (1991), evidenced by the 367 presence of only hypoxia-tolerant fishes in the OMZ core (540 m; [O2] = 0.35 µmol.l-368 1) compared with high abundances of invertebrate megafauna and lebensspuren…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCaulle, C., Mojtahid, M., GOODAY, A. J., Jorissen, F. J., & Kitazato, H. (2015) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-12-5005-2015 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Many studies have described dense biotic communities within OMZs, despite the low oxygen concentrations (e.g. Wishner et al., 1990; Levin et al., 1991; Jannink et al., 1998; Gooday et al., 2000, 2009; Levin et al., 2000; Levin, 2003; Schumacher et al., 2007; Mallon et al., 2012; Pozzato et al.,…”
BackgroundContinental shelf benthic biomass in the western Gulf of Mexico
Escobar-Briones, E. G., & Soto, L. A. (1997) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/s0278-4343(96)00047-7 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Infaunal macrobenthos of the oxygen minimum zone on the Indian western continental shelf
Joydas, T. V., & Damodaran, R. (2013) · Marine Ecology · doi:10.1111/maec.12052 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Distribution of Meiofauna in Bathyal Sediments Influenced by the Oxygen Minimum Zone Off Costa Rica
Neira, C., Ingels, J., Mendoza, G., Hernandez-Lopez, E., & Levin, L. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00448 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSchieber, J., & Wilson, R. M. (2021) · Paläontologische Zeitschrift · doi:10.1007/s12542-021-00590-7 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“On the modern seafloor, meiobenthos thrives under suboxic to dysoxic bottom water conditions, owing to the absence of competing or predatory macrofauna (Levin et al. 1991; Savrda and Bottjer 1991).”
BackgroundNeira, C., King, I. W., Mendoza, G., et al. (2013) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/j.dsr.2013.04.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“On the Volcano 7 seamount, Levin et al. (1991) found the highest densities of nematodes ( 190 ind. 10 cm−2) in the center of the OMZ intercepting the upper summit, where high concentrations of organic carbon and pigments were found.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationSediments hosting gas hydrate: oases for metazoan meiofauna
Sommer, S., Gutzmann, E., & Pfannkuche, O. (2007) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps337027 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“From Volcano 7 projecting into an oxygen minimum zone, Levin et al. (1991) report meiobenthic abundances of 194 × 103 ind. m–2 atop the volcano, which is 3.6 times lower than the maximum abundances recorded in this study.”
BackgroundInfluentialDuineveld, G., de Wilde, P. A. W. J., Berghuis, E. M., et al. (1997) · Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography · doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(97)00006-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Okey, T. A. (2003) · Ecological Monographs · doi:10.1890/01-4088 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Singh, R., & Ingole, B. (2016) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-13-191-2016 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Oxygen minima are common in the world ocean (Kamykowski and Zentara, 1990) and are found at intermediate depths in the Arabian Sea, off western Mexico, and off Peru and northern Chile.”
BackgroundInfluentialAguirre‐Velarde, A., Jean, F., Thouzeau, G., & Flye‐Sainte‐Marie, J. (2017) · Journal of Sea Research · doi:10.1016/j.seares.2017.11.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Kristensen, E. S., Devol, A. H., & Hartnett, H. E. (1999) · Continental Shelf Research · doi:10.1016/s0278-4343(99)00024-2 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Living on the edge: single-species dominance at the Pakistan oxygen minimum zone boundary
Jeffreys, R. M., Levin, L. A., Lamont, P. A., Woulds, C., Whitcraft, C. R., Mendoza, G., Wolff, G. A., & Cowie, G. (2012) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“This is true of both the water column (Wishner et al. 1995, 1998, 2000) and the seabed (Levin et al. 1991, Wishner et al. 1995, Gooday et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThistle, D., Levin, L. A., GOODAY, A. J., et al. (1999) · Deep Sea Research Part I Oceanographic Research Papers · doi:10.1016/s0967-0637(99)00040-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“As expected, the H/(H + N) ratios were greater than those of muddy, deep-sea sites (see Table 5), but the trend in the H/(H + N) ratio among the three sites was the opposite of that expected from their assumed differences in amount of interstitial space (see also Levin et al., 1991 ).”
ResultSelf-citationNeira, C., Gad, G., Arroyo, N. L., & Decraemer, W. (2001) · Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde · doi:10.1163/18759866-07003003 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“…have been found to be more tolerant to hypoxic conditions than the macrofauna, both in deep-sea and shallow-water habitats (Josefson & Widbom 1988; Levin et al., 1991), and that nematodes exhibit higher tolerance than other meiofaunal taxa to hypoxia even to periods of anoxia (Levin et al., 1991;…”
BackgroundInfluentialAcoustic characterization of pelagic fish distribution across the South Pacific Ocean
Escobar‐Flores, P. C., O’Driscoll, R. L., & Montgomery, J. C. (2013) · Marine Ecology Progress Series · doi:10.3354/meps10435 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Moreover, enhanced productivity and biogeochemical activities have been detected where OMZ limits collide with oxygen rich waters (Mullins et al. 1985, Levin et al. 1991).”
BackgroundA chemosynthetic ecotone—“chemotone”—in the sediments surrounding deep‐sea methane seeps
Ashford, O. S., Guan, S., Capone, D. A., et al. (2021) · Limnology and Oceanography · doi:10.1002/lno.11713 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Especially evident in benthic fauna when the OMZ boundary intersects the flanks of seamounts or continental slopes, these transition zones may exhibit enhanced faunal diversity relative to their bounding environments (Levin et al. 1991; Gooday et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
- Authors
- Levin, L. A., Huggett, C. L., & Wishner, K. F.
- Venue
- Journal of Marine Research
- Publisher
- Journal of Marine Research/Yale
- Published
- 1991-11-01
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 763-800
- ISSN
- 0022-2402 (ISSN-L)
- 1543-9542
- OpenAlex
- W2021801566
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Marine Research (publishedVersion)
- Journal of Media Literacy Education (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Biology and Ecology Research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Microbial Community Ecology and Physiology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity and ecology
- Keywords
- oxygen minimum zone, benthic community structure, hypoxia, organic matter availability, seamounts, meiofauna, macrofauna, megafauna, microbial communities, food availability, sediment grain size, eastern tropical Pacific
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