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Limitations to the determination of a Laguerre–Gauss spectrum via projective, phase-flattening measurement
Open accessAbstract
One of the most widely used techniques for measuring the orbital angular momentum (OAM) components of a light beam is to flatten the spiral phase front of a mode, in order to couple it to a single-mode optical fiber (SMOF). This method, however, suffers from an efficiency that depends on the OAM of the initial mode and on the presence of higher-order radial modes. The reason is that once the phase has been flattened, the field retains its ringed intensity pattern and is therefore a nontrivial superposition of purely radial modes, of which only the fundamental one couples to a SMOF. In this paper, we study the efficiency of this technique both theoretically and experimentally. We find that even for low values of the OAM, a large amount of light can fall outside the fundamental mode of the fiber, and we quantify the losses as functions of the waist of the coupling beam of the OAM and radial indices. Our results can be used as a tool to remove the efficiency bias where fair-sampling loopholes are not a concern. However, we hope that our study will encourage the development of better detection methods of the OAM content of a beam of light.
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“The discrete size of SLM pixels determines the modulation efficiency of the device especially for high OAM values [94, 97]”
From Photonic cellular automaton simulation of relativistic quantum fields: Observation of Zitterbewegung (2024) · cites this paper as [94]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“These are mainly related to the non unitary efficiencies of the cascaded q-plates, errors in the coin operators and the efficiencies of the holographic technique in manipulating the OAM [94, 97].”
From Photonic cellular automaton simulation of relativistic quantum fields: Observation of Zitterbewegung (2024) · cites this paper as [94]
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Huang, C., Bai, L., Zhang, L., Yang, P., Li, J., & Li, Y. (2025) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.567374 · Cited by 1
Imaging of Biphoton States: Fundamentals and Applications
D’Errico, A., & Karimi, E. (2026) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202526562 · Cited by 4
Self-citationEncoding and decoding non-separable states of polarization and spatial mode of single photons
Khajavi, B., Cheng, X., Kebede, K., & Galvez, E. J. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2079038 · Cited by 1
Quantum cryptography with structured photons
Sit, A., Hufnagel, F., & Karimi, E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821510-4.00012-1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSistemes formadors d’imatges multidimensionals amb detecció integrada
Pesudo, P. X. C. (2015) · doi:10.6035/14002.2015.181237 · Cited by 1
Generating fast switchable optical vortices by beam combining
Zhang, X., Li, Y., Cai, Y., Su, M., He, Y., & Chen, S. (2017) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics Pacific Rim (CLEO-PR) · doi:10.1109/cleopr.2017.8118822
Enforcing Energy Balance in Coherently Superimposed Optical Vortices
Cisternas, J. E., Anguita, J. A., & Funes, G. L. (2018) · IEEE photonics journal · doi:10.1109/jphot.2018.2810446
Quantum Applications of Structured Photons
D’Errico, A., & Karimi, E. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119662945.ch14
Self-citationℓ 00 ℓ entanglement and the twisted quantum eraser
Danese, D., Wollmann, S., Leedumrongwatthanakun, S., McCutcheon, W., Erhard, M., Plick, W. N., & Malik, M. (2023) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0167938
Optimizing single mode projection techniques for high-order complex spatial modes
Ma, A., Goel, S., Valencia, N. H., McCutcheon, W., & Malik, M. (2024) · Quantum 2.0 Conference and Exhibition · doi:10.1364/quantum.2024.qw3a.26
Polarization state classification of vector vortex beams using the PaCMAP algorithm
Zhang, F., liu, Z., Yang, Q., Lin, P., Ma, W., He, L., Qian, H., Dong, K., & Gao, S. (2026) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.582330
Mode-dependent phase in waveguides supporting orbital angular momentum
Moura, J. V. S., Santos, L. M. S., de Oliveira, J. M., Rocha, J. C. A., Jesus‐Silva, A. J., Khoury, A. Z., & Fonseca, E. J. S. (2026) · APL Photonics · doi:10.1063/5.0292980
Abhyankar, G., Gad, R. S., Gawali, S. B., Vetrekar, N., Thomas, A., & Naik, G. M. (2026) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1007/s12596-026-03215-x
Reconfigurable circuit for mode-tunable topological quantum structured light
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Propagation-tolerant free-space non-eigenmode communications
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Metadata
- Authors
- Qassim, H., Miatto, F. M., Torres, J. P., Padgett, M. J., Karimi, E., & Boyd, R. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- Institute of Photonic Sciences (ES)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of the Optical Society of America B
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2014-04-07
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- A20
- ISSN
- 0740-3224 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-8540
- OpenAlex
- W2121509872
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of the Optical Society of America B (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- UPCommons institutional repository (Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Royal Society
- Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Random lasers and scattering media
- Keywords
- orbital angular momentum, Laguerre-Gaussian beams, single-mode fiber coupling, radial modes, coupling efficiency, beam waist
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