The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 5 of the 19 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Quantum walks and wavepacket dynamics on a lattice with twisted photons
Open accessAbstract
A discrete quantum walk occurs in the orbital angular momentum space of light, both for a single photon and for two simultaneous photons.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
A discrete quantum walk is realized in the orbital angular momentum (OAM) space of light, using spin-orbit coupling in q-plates, for both single photons and two indistinguishable photons. The same platform enables step-by-step wavepacket dynamics, band-structure/topological measurements, and observation of multiparticle interference.
Key findings
- The authors demonstrate a photonic QW in a single light beam, encoding the coin in spin angular momentum (SAM) and the walker in OAM, with q-plates implementing conditional OAM shifts of ±1.
- Single-photon four-step QWs with localized input show experimental/theoretical similarities of 94.7 ± 0.4%, 93.4 ± 0.5%, 99.7 ± 0.1%, and 99.2 ± 0.2% across standard and hybrid configurations.
- Gaussian OAM wavepackets propagate according to the QW band dispersion; five-step wavepacket similarities reach 98.2 ± 0.4% and 99.0 ± 0.2%, and varying quasi-momentum across the Brillouin zone verifies the topological class via a single full rotation of the SAM eigenstate on the Poincaré sphere.
- Two-photon three-step QWs show two-photon interference: standard-case total variation distance is 6.5 ± 0.9% from indistinguishable-photon theory versus 16.5 ± 0.9% from distinguishable-photon theory; hybrid-case values are 13.5 ± 0.7% versus 21.1 ± 0.7%.
Methods
- Design: discrete-time QW with coin in SAM and walker in OAM; a step is implemented by wave plates and a q-plate with q = 1/2, using QWP-QP-HWP for localized single-photon walks and QP plus QWP for wavepacket and two-photon experiments.
- Data/sample: photon pairs generated by spontaneous parametric down-conversion; single-photon experiments used heralded photons, while two-photon experiments sent both photons through the QW setup after preparing input polarization |R⟩|L⟩.
- Analysis: projective measurements in polarization and OAM, compared with theory using a similarity measure S and total variation distance (TVD); wavepacket experiments prepared Gaussian OAM envelopes and varied average quasi-momentum k0 in steps of π/8 across (0, π).
Limitations
- The authors state that the walk evolution cannot be position-dependent (OAM-dependent), unlike some other implementations, though they suggest possible future fixes using azimuthal-coordinate elements or the radial beam coordinate.
- The authors state that the platform cannot simulate particle interactions, a limitation common to fully photonic QW implementations.
- The authors note that the linear scaling advantage holds only in the optical near-field; in the far-field, the transverse size of optical components would have to increase with the OAM range.
- The authors attribute residual discrepancies between observed two-photon distributions and indistinguishable-photon theory to systematic errors from imperfect alignment of the setup.
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Claims the paper makes
5 of 19 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingreasoning
The number of optical components employed scales only linearly with the number of steps.
“Moreover, in contrast to other photonic QW implementations, the number of optical components employed scales only linearly with the number of steps, because at each step all OAM values are addressed simultaneously by a single optical element, whose transverse extension remains constant.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The similarities between experimental and predicted final OAM distributions for the four-step QW are 94.7 ± 0.4%, 93.4 ± 0.5%, 99.7 ± 0.1%, and 99.2 ± 0.2%, respectively.
“The similarities between experimental and predicted final OAM distributions are 94.7 ± 0.4%, 93.4 ± 0.5%, 99.7 ± 0.1%, and 99.2 ± 0.2%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For the five-step QW cases in Fig. 5C-H, the similarities between experimental and theoretical OAM distributions are 98.9 ± 0.2%, 96.2 ± 0.4%, 98.4 ± 0.3%, 93.2 ± 0.6%, 99.1 ± 0.2%, and 97.3 ± 0.4%, respectively.
“The similarities between experimental and theoretical OAM distributions are 98.9 ± 0.2%, 96.2 ± 0.4%, 98.4 ± 0.3%, 93.2 ± 0.6%, 99.1 ± 0.2%, and 97.3 ± 0.4%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A wavepacket whose coin is prepared in the superposition state (|φ1(k0)〉 + |φ2(k0)〉)/√2 splits into two components propagating in opposite directions due to spin-orbit coupling.
“As a result of the spin-orbit coupling, the wavepacket splits into two components propagating in opposite directions, as shown in Fig. 5H.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The similarities with the DPT model are 96.4 and 91.8%, respectively.
“The similarities with the DPT model are, instead, 96.4 and 91.8%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The measured distributions violate the characteristic inequalities by several SDs.
“The measured distributions indeed violate these inequalities by several SDs, as illustrated in the Supplementary Materials (figs. S6 and S7).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Each step has a transmission efficiency of 86% because of reflection losses (mainly at the QP, which is not antireflection-coated).
“Because of reflection losses (mainly at the QP, which is not antireflection-coated), each step has a transmission efficiency of 86% (but adding an antireflection coating could easily improve this value to >95%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The experiment observed step-by-step propagation of wavepackets for a five-step QW in band s = 1 at k0 = π and k0 = π/2.
“In Fig. 4, we report the experimental “real-time” (that is, step-by-step) observation of these propagating packets for a five-step QW. These data refer in particular to the band s = 1, with k0 = π and k0 = π/2, corresponding to maximum and vanishing group velocities, respectively, with a step operator implemented by a QP plus a QWP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The paper demonstrated a single- and multiphoton QW simulator based on single beam propagation through linear optical devices.
“In this article, we have demonstrated a single- and multiphoton QW simulator based on single beam propagation through linear optical devices.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The SAM eigenstates prepared for different k in the irreducible Brillouin zone lie on a maximal circle on the Poincaré sphere.
“As a result of the so-called sublattice or chiral symmetry (11), the corresponding SAM (or coin) eigenstates of these wavepackets describe a maximum circle in the Poincaré polarization sphere, as illustrated in Fig. 5A.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Rudner Kitagawa T. M. S., Berg E., Demler E., Exploring topological phases with quantum walks. Phys. Rev. A 82, 033429 (2010). source
A check is scheduled.
- Interpretationreasoning
When δ = π ("standard" configuration), the first term vanishes and the standard shift operator Ŝ is obtained.
“When δ = π (“standard” configuration), the first term vanishes and the standard shift operator Ŝ is obtained.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The approach allows convenient and easy control of the evolution operator at each step, including fully automated fast switching.
“On the other hand, our approach allows very convenient and easy control of the evolution operator at each step, including the possibility of fully automated fast switching of its properties by introducing electro-optical devices to manipulate the polarization or by electrically controlling the QP tuning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premiseown data
The heralded single-photon regime behaves equivalently to a classical one because its probability distributions are identical to intensity distributions from classical coherent light.
“Although the latter is a quantum regime, it behaves equivalently to a classical one, as the resulting probability distributions are identical to the intensity distributions that would be obtained using classical (coherent) light.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
For intermediate values 0 < δ < π, the walker at each step is provided with a third option, that is, to remain in the same position (hybrid configuration).
“When δ = 0, the evolution is trivial (the walker stands still), whereas for intermediate values 0 < δ < π, we have a novel kind of evolution: besides moving forward or backward, the walker at each step is provided with a third option, that is, to remain in the same position.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The QW leads to generation of entanglement between the SAM and OAM degrees of freedom in this example.
“In this example, the QW clearly leads to the generation of entanglement between the SAM and OAM degrees of freedom.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The observed rotation of the SAM eigenstate vector verifies the topological class of the QW system.
“In our case, we observe a single full rotation (we actually see half a rotation, as we tested only half of the Brillouin zone), thus verifying the topological class of our system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The number of full rotations of |φ1(k)〉 on the Poincaré sphere as k varies from -π to π is a topological property of the QW system.
“The number of full rotations of the vector |ϕ1(k)〉 on the sphere, as k varies from –π to π, is a topological property of the QW system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Rudner Kitagawa T. M. S., Berg E., Demler E., Exploring topological phases with quantum walks. Phys. Rev. A 82, 033429 (2010). source
A check is scheduled.
- Interpretationown data
The large average OAM separation between the two wavepacket components implies the final photon state can be interpreted as a Schrödinger cat state in OAM space.
“The large average OAM separation obtained between the two wavepacket components implies that the obtained final photon state can be interpreted as a Schrödinger “cat state” in OAM space.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
These TVD values confirm that two-photon interferences are present in the experiment.
“These values confirm that two-photon interferences are present in our experiment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
When δ = 0, the evolution is trivial (the walker stands still).
“When δ = 0, the evolution is trivial (the walker stands still)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The platform cannot simulate particle interactions.
“Finally, we must mention the important limitation of our platform, common to all fully photonic QW implementations, of not being able to simulate particle interactions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The operator Ŝ entangles the coin and the walker systems.
“As a consequence, the operator Ŝ entangles the coin and the walker systems (27, 29).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [27] Abal G., Siri R., Romanelli A., Donangelo R., Quantum walk on the line: Entanglement and nonlocal initial conditions. Phys. Rev. A 73, 042302 (2006). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [29] Vieira R., Amorim E. P. M., Rigolin G., Dynamically disordered quantum walk as a maximal entanglement generator. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 180503 (2013). 24237496 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- Interpretationnone given
The platform allows preparation of the walker initial state, even if extended over many lattice sites, with high accuracy and flexibility.
“An important advantage of this platform is the possibility to prepare the walker initial state, even if extended over many lattice sites, with high accuracy and flexibility.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
A current limitation of the approach is that the walk evolution cannot be position-dependent (OAM-dependent).
“A current limitation of our approach is that the walk evolution cannot be position-dependent (that is, OAM-dependent), in contrast to other implementations (9, 23).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [9] Crespi A., Osellame R., Ramponi R., Giovannetti V., Fazio R., Sansoni L., De Nicola F., Sciarrino F., Mataloni P., Anderson localization of entangled photons in an integrated quantum walk. Nature Photon. 7, 322– 328 (2013). source
A check is scheduled.
- cites [23] Schreiber A., Gábris A., Rohde P. P., Laiho K., Štefaňák M., Potoček V., Hamilton C., Jex I., Silberhorn C., A 2D quantum walk simulation of two-particle dynamics. Science 336, 55– 58 (2012). 22403179 source
A check is scheduled.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisereasoningThe QP raises or lowers the OAM of the incoming photon according to its SAM state, while leaving the photon in the same optical beam, with no deflections or diffractions.
“In particular, the QP raises or lowers the OAM of the incoming photon according to its SAM state, while leaving the photon in the same optical beam, that is, with no deflections or diffractions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [26] Marrucci L., Manzo C., Paparo D., Optical spin-to-orbital angular momentum conversion in inhomogeneous anisotropic media. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 163905 (2006). 16712234 source
The discussion on p. 3 says the q-plate produces an outgoing helical wave whose orbital angular momentum has a sign controlled by the input circular polarization; the measurements on p. 5 confirm this for the emerging beam. Our copy does not establish the further assertion that the beam undergoes no deflection or diffraction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [30] Marrucci L., Karimi E., Slussarenko S., Piccirillo B., Santamato E., Nagali E., Sciarrino F., Spin-to-orbital conversion of the angular momentum of light and its classical and quantum applications. J. Opt. 13, 064001 (2011). source
Section 5 gives the q-plate’s single-photon rules: left- and right-circular polarization change OAM by +2q and −2q, respectively. The claim’s absolute ‘no diffractions’ qualification is not supported: section 3 says neglecting transverse diffraction is an approximation and describes diffraction within and beyond the plate. The retrieved passages do not explicitly establish the separate ‘no deflections’ qualification. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [31] Cardano F., Karimi E., Slussarenko S., Marrucci L., de Lisio C., Santamato E., Polarization pattern of vector vortex beams generated by q-plates with different topological charges. Appl. Opt. 51, C1– C6 (2012). 22505084 source
Section III states that a tuned q-plate gives the optical field a helical wavefront whose handedness depends on the input circular polarization; Section IV describes the resulting transmitted beam. These passages support the SAM-dependent OAM change, but our copy does not establish the additional claim that there are no deflections or diffractions. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [32] D’Ambrosio V., Nagali E., Walborn S. P., Aolita L., Slussarenko S., Marrucci L., Sciarrino F., Complete experimental toolbox for alignment-free quantum communication. Nat. Commun. 3, 961 (2012). 22805568 source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [33] D’Ambrosio V., Spagnolo N., Del Re L., Slussarenko S., Li Y., Kwek L. C., Marrucci L., Walborn S. P., Aolita L., Sciarrino F., Photonic polarization gears for ultra-sensitive angular measurements. Nat. Commun. 4, 2432 (2013). 24045270 PMC3791460 source
The Methods section (Q-plate fabrication; page not provided) states that a q-plate changes OAM by +2q or −2q depending on the incoming circular polarization, supporting the SAM-dependent OAM change. The cited passages do not establish that the photon remains in the same optical beam with no deflections or diffractions. The Abstract discusses avoiding diffraction losses from angular masks used for OAM readout, which is a narrower point. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationThe dispersion relation of quasi-energies ws(k) shows two gapped bands associated with the coin eigenstates |φs(k)〉, and the parametric dependence of the latter states on k defines the QW topological structure.
“The dispersion relation of quasi-energies ws(k) shows two gapped bands associated with the coin eigenstates |ϕs(k)〉, whereas the parametric dependence of the latter states on k defines the QW topological structure (28).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Kitagawa T., Topological phenomena in quantum walks: Elementary introduction to the physics of topological phases. Quantum Inf. Process. 11, 1107– 1148 (2012). source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe authors demonstrate both the QW of single photons and that of two indistinguishable photons.
“We demonstrate both the QW of single photons and that of two indistinguishable photons, thus highlighting the role of multiparticle quantum interferences.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor the three-step QW with two identical photons, the experimental and IPT distributions show good quantitative agreement with similarities higher than 95%.
“The two distributions show a good quantitative agreement, as confirmed by their similarities being higher than 95% (see figure captions for details).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn the hybrid case, the TVD with the IPT is 13.5 ± 0.7%, compared with 21.1 ± 0.7% for the DPT.
“In the hybrid case, the TVD with the IPT is 13.5 ± 0.7%, to be compared with 21.1 ± 0.7% for the DPT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe experiment demonstrated propagation of Gaussian wavepackets for different points in the Brillouin zone and explored the associated topological structure arising from spin-orbit coupling.
“We exploited this feature to investigate the effective band structure of QWs, demonstrating the propagation of Gaussian wavepackets for different points in the Brillouin zone and exploring the associated topological structure arising from the spin-orbit coupling.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataThe similarities of the data with the DPT distributions are significantly lower than with IPT.
“The similarities of the data with the DPT distributions are significantly lower.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataIn the standard case, the TVD of the experimental distribution with the IPT is 6.5 ± 0.9%, compared with 16.5 ± 0.9% for the DPT model.
“In the standard case, the TVD of the experimental distribution with the IPT one is 6.5 ± 0.9%, to be compared with the TVD of 16.5 ± 0.9% for the DPT model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
FindingcitationThe authors experimentally verified the band structure characterizing a QW; they prepared Gaussian wavepackets of a photon in OAM space, for different values of the average linear quasi-momentum, and observed their free quantum dynamics, governed by the underlying band dispersion relations and the associated topological spin-orbit features.
“As a specific demonstration of this feature, we experimentally verified the band structure characterizing a QW; we prepared Gaussian wavepackets of a photon in OAM space, for different values of the average linear quasi-momentum, and observed their free quantum dynamics, governed by the underlying band dispersion relations and the associated topological spin-orbit features (11, 27, 28).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [11] Rudner Kitagawa T. M. S., Berg E., Demler E., Exploring topological phases with quantum walks. Phys. Rev. A 82, 033429 (2010). source
- cites [27] Abal G., Siri R., Romanelli A., Donangelo R., Quantum walk on the line: Entanglement and nonlocal initial conditions. Phys. Rev. A 73, 042302 (2006). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
- cites [28] Kitagawa T., Topological phenomena in quantum walks: Elementary introduction to the physics of topological phases. Quantum Inf. Process. 11, 1107– 1148 (2012). source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Findingnone givenA discrete quantum walk occurs in the orbital angular momentum space of light, both for a single photon and for two simultaneous photons.
“A discrete quantum walk occurs in the orbital angular momentum space of light, both for a single photon and for two simultaneous photons.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe experiment observed a single full rotation of the SAM eigenstate vector over the full Brillouin zone (half a rotation over the tested half).
“In our case, we observe a single full rotation (we actually see half a rotation, as we tested only half of the Brillouin zone), thus verifying the topological class of our system.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe authors experimentally implement the proposal by Zhang et al., demonstrating the first photonic QW occurring in a single light beam and using the OAM degree of freedom of photons as discrete walker coordinate.
“Here, we implement experimentally the proposal by Zhang et al., thus demonstrating the first photonic QW occurring in a single light beam and using the OAM degree of freedom of photons as discrete walker coordinate”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataFor the five-step QW at k0 = π and k0 = π/2, the similarities between experimental and theoretical OAM distributions at the fifth step are 98.2 ± 0.4% and 99.0 ± 0.2%, respectively.
“At the fifth step, the similarities between experimental and theoretical OAM distributions are 98.2 ± 0.4% and 99.0 ± 0.2%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Findingown dataThe similarities between experimental and predicted quantum distributions (IPT model) are 98.2 ± 0.4% and 95.8 ± 0.3% for the standard and hybrid walk, respectively.
“The similarities between experimental and predicted quantum distributions (IPT model) are 98.2 ± 0.4% and 95.8 ± 0.3% for the standard and the hybrid walk, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningThe linear scaling advantage remains valid only as long as the entire QW takes place in the optical near-field; in the far-field, the transverse size of the optical components will have to increase with the OAM range.
“It must be noted, however, that this advantage in scaling remains valid only as long as the entire QW takes place in the optical near-field, where the beam cross-section size will remain approximately constant, whereas in the far-field, the transverse size of the optical components will have to increase with the OAM range (see the Supplementary Materials).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningStates belonging to different bands, which correspond to orthogonal polarization eigenstates, propagate in opposite directions, that is, V1(k0) = -V2(k0), highlighting the strong spin-orbit coupling of this system.
“States belonging to different bands, which correspond to orthogonal polarization eigenstates, propagate in opposite directions, that is, V1(k0) = –V2(k0), highlighting the strong spin-orbit coupling of this system (see Supplementary Materials for more details).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenThe V-polarized photon, reflected at the PBS, is sent directly to a detector and provides a trigger, so as to operate the QW simulation in a heralded single-photon quantum regime.
“The V-polarized photon, reflected at the PBS, is sent directly to a detector and provides a trigger, so as to operate the QW simulation in a heralded single-photon quantum regime.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
InterpretationreasoningWhen A(m) is a slowly varying envelope, these wavepackets are expected to propagate on the 1D lattice with only minimal shape variations and with a speed given by the group velocity Vs(k0)=(dωs/dk)k=k0.
“When A(m) is a slowly varying envelope, these wavepackets are expected to propagate on the 1D lattice with only minimal shape variations and with a speed given by the group velocity Vs(k0)=(dωs/dk)k=k0.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
Premisenone givenThe associated quasi-momentum has a Gaussian distribution centered on k0; the average quasi-momentum k0 corresponds also to the average azimuthal angle in real space for the optical field distribution within the beam.
“The associated quasi-momentum has a Gaussian distribution centered on k0 (incidentally, the average quasi-momentum k0 corresponds also to the average azimuthal angle in real space for the optical field distribution within the beam).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe OAM QW platform is suitable for simulating multiparticle quantum processes, for which quantum interferences cannot be reproduced classically.
“However, the OAM QW platform introduced in this work is also immediately suitable for simulating multiparticle quantum processes, for which quantum interferences cannot be reproduced classically.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Interpretationnone givenThe implementation allows full quantum tomography of the outgoing state.
“Another potential advantage of the present implementation is the possibility to carry out a full quantum tomography of the outgoing state, which is very challenging for standard interferometric implementations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Premisenone givenThe similarity metric is not a very sensitive test because it tends to remain high even for fairly different distributions.
“However, the similarity is not a very sensitive test, because it tends to remain high even for fairly different distributions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Study design and conductnone givenIn the implemented setup, the linear distance d between adjacent steps is small compared to the Rayleigh range zR of the photons (d/zR ≪ 1, near-field regime), so as to avoid optical effects that would alter the nature of the simulated process.
“In the implemented setup, the linear distance d between adjacent steps is small compared to the Rayleigh range zR of the photons, that is, d/zR ≪ 1 (near-field regime), so as to avoid optical effects that would alter the nature of the simulated process; a detailed discussion is provided in the Supplementary Materials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
PremisecitationIn the limit of paraxial optics, SAM and OAM are independent and well defined; SAM is associated with polarization, OAM with the azimuthal structure of the optical wavefront in the transverse plane.
“In the limit of paraxial optics, these two quantities are independent and well defined; the first is associated with the polarization of the light, whereas the second is related to the azimuthal structure of the optical wavefront in the transverse plane (30).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Marrucci L., Karimi E., Slussarenko S., Piccirillo B., Santamato E., Nagali E., Sciarrino F., Spin-to-orbital conversion of the angular momentum of light and its classical and quantum applications. J. Opt. 13, 064001 (2011). source
It may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe implementation allows one to dynamically vary the Hamiltonian system and to measure the whole evolution step by step (not only the final output) without changing the experimental setup.
“it allows one to dynamically vary the Hamiltonian system and to measure the whole evolution step by step (not only the final output) without changing the experimental setup.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenIn the actual device, the radial profile of the photonic wave function undergoes a small alteration, which can be approximately neglected in the implementation.
“In the actual device, the radial profile of the photonic wave function undergoes a small alteration, which however can be approximately neglected in our implementation, as discussed in the Supplementary Materials.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationnone givenThe QW implementation allows flexibly preparing arbitrary superpositions or "delocalized" initial states of the walker by exploiting standard holographic optical devices, or conversely making a full quantum tomography of the delocalized output quantum state.
“a very important feature of this QW implementation is the possibility of flexibly preparing arbitrary superpositions or “delocalized” initial states of the walker by exploiting standard holographic optical devices (or, conversely, to make a full quantum tomography of the delocalized output quantum state).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimIt may state two separate claims as one.
Interpretationown dataThe violation of the inequalities proves that the measured correlations must be quantum and include multiparticle interference.
“This proves once more that the measured correlations must be quantum and that they include the effect of multiparticle interference.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationControlling the quasi-momentum of delocalized quantum states is crucial for carrying out quantum simulations of Bloch-particle dynamics.
“Controlling the quasi-momentum of delocalized quantum states is crucial for carrying out quantum simulations of Bloch-particle dynamics, as shown for instance in (39).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] Atala M., Aidelsburger M., Barreiro J. T., Abanin D., Kitagawa T., Demler E., Bloch I., Direct measurement of the Zak phase in topological Bloch bands. Nat. Phys. 9, 795– 800 (2013). source
Checked before — its earlier verdict is held back until a new check runs.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
PremisecitationA similar approach was used to simulate the evolution of a multiband Bloch particle in a time-dependent field, by shining an engineered waveguide array with classical coherent light.
“A similar approach was used to simulate the evolution of a multiband Bloch particle in a time-dependent field, by shining an engineered waveguide array with classical coherent light (37) [see also (38) for a review on discrete-waveguide lattice effects].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [37] Longhi S., Lobino M., Marangoni M., Ramponi R., Laporta P., Cianci E., Foglietti V., Semiclassical motion of a multiband Bloch particle in a time-dependent field: Optical visualization. Phys. Rev. B 74, 155116 (2006). source
- cites [38] Christodoulides D. N., Lederer F., Silberberg Y., Discretizing light behaviour in linear and nonlinear waveguide lattices. Nature 424, 817– 823 (2003). 12917695 source
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Interpretationnone givenThe residual discrepancies between observed distributions and IPT quantum predictions are ascribed to systematic errors from imperfect alignment of the setup.
“We ascribe the residual discrepancies between the observed distributions and the IPT quantum predictions to systematic errors arising from imperfect alignment of the setup.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
Study design and conductnone givenThe authors used only wave plate combinations giving rise to unbiased QWs.
“In particular, we used only wave plate combinations giving rise to unbiased QWs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The ease and versatility of spatial light modulators can be exploited in applications ranging from optical communication to holography-based optical tweezers.
“The ease and versatility of SLMs can be exploited in many applications ranging from optical communication [55,56] to holography-based optical tweezers [57,58].”
From Photonic quantum information processing: a review (2019) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Quasi-momentum range excludes plotted endpoints
MinorThe stated range (0, π) excludes both endpoints, but the same figure caption says results are shown for k0 = 0 and k0 = π.
“with different values of average quasi-momentum k0 in the range (0, π).”
“Panels refer to k0 = 0, π/4, π/2, 3π/4, π, respectively.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cardano, F., Massa, F., Qassim, H., Karimi, E., Slussarenko, S., Paparo, D., de Lisio, C., Sciarrino, F., Santamato, E., Boyd, R. W., & Marrucci, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Naples Federico II (IT)
- University of Ottawa (CA)
- National Research Council (IT)
- Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Marrucci, Lorenzo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science Advances
- Published
- 2015-03-06
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e1500087-e1500087
- ISSN
- 2375-2548 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4643825
- OpenAlex
- W2163382649
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 8
- FWCI
- 17.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Science Advances (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Seventh Framework Programme (ID0EWVAE648, 255914)
- European Research Council (ID0EN4AE649, 307783)
- Canada Excellence Research Chairs, Government of Canada (ID0E65AE650, ID0EOAAG651)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Keywords
- quantum walks, orbital angular momentum of light, twisted photons, photonic quantum simulation, wave packet dynamics, electronic band structure, momentum space, Gaussian wave packets
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