Revealing carrier-envelope phase through frequency mixing and interference in frequency resolved optical gating
Open accessAbstract
We demonstrate that full temporal characterisation of few-cycle electromagnetic pulses, including retrieval of the carrier envelope phase (CEP), can be directly obtained from Frequency Resolved Optical Gating (FROG) techniques in which the interference between non-linear frequency mixing processes is resolved. We derive a framework for this scheme, defined Real Domain FROG (ReD-FROG), for the cases of interference between sum and difference frequency components and between fundamental and sum / difference frequency components. A successful numerical demonstration of ReD-FROG as applied to the case of a self-referenced measurement is provided. A proof-of-principle experiment is performed in which the CEP of a single-cycle THz pulse is accurately obtained and demonstrates the possibility for THz detection beyond optical probe duration limitations inherent to electro-optic sampling.
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An extension of FROG was reported to yield the CEP of a half-cycle THz pulse to be around 2°.
“An extension of frequency-resolved optical grating (FROG) was reported to yield the CEP of a half-cycle THz pulse [33] to be around 2 ◦ .”
From A Tutorial on THz Pulse Analysis: Accurate Retrieval of Pulse Arrival Times, Spectral Energy Density and Absolute Spectral Phase (2025) · cites this paper as [33]
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Lloyd-Hughes, J., Chopra, N., Deveikis, J., Pandya, R., & Woolley, J. (2025) · Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-025-01052-w · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…of the time-domain electric field E ( t ) is not determined directly in a THz spectrometer (e.g. the electro-optic or photoconductive signal is in arbitrary units), then common practise is to use the measured THz pulse energy and beam profile to deduce the electric field strength by substituting…”
- Authors
- Snedden, E. W., Walsh, D. A., & Jamison, S. P.
- Affiliations
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (GB)
- Venue
- Optics Express
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2015-03-25
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 8507
- ISSN
- 1094-4087 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2158570045
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Optics Express (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Fiber Laser Technologies
- Keywords
- carrier-envelope phase, frequency-resolved optical gating, few-cycle pulses, terahertz pulses, nonlinear frequency mixing, self-referenced measurement, temporal characterization
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