Field measurements of SOP transients in OPGW, with time and location correlation to lightning strikes
Open accessAbstract
We monitored the state of polarization (SOP) of polarized light in an optical ground wire (OPGW) link located in North America using a test method and apparatus that measured Stokes space angular velocity and geographic location of SOP transients. We observed transients up to 5.1 Mrad/s and were able to correlate these events in both time and location to lightning strikes documented by the United States Precision Lightning Network (USPLN).
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The SOPAS has an upper limit bounded by the employed sampling frequency f_s, since the arc length drawn over the Poincaré sphere surface cannot exceed π without resulting in undersampling.
“Additionally, the SOPAS has an upper limit bounded by the employed sampling frequency 𝑓 𝑠 , since the arc length drawn over the Poincaré sphere surface cannot exceed 𝜋 without resulting in undersampling, as stated in [53].”
From Overview on the state of polarization sensing: application scenarios and anomaly detection algorithms (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Lightning strike events have a duration ranging from about 20 to 60 μs.
“their duration is very brief, ranging from about 20 to 60 𝜇 s, as discussed in [53].”
From Overview on the state of polarization sensing: application scenarios and anomaly detection algorithms (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
Section 4 reports a time-and-location correlation between lightning strikes and SOP transients, but gives no strike duration. I searched the indexed copy for “20 to 60 μs,” microsecond-scale durations, and transient duration; no passage states that lightning strikes last about 20–60 μs. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Research works printed but not linked: 8
- [1]P. M. Krummrich and K. Kotten, “Extremely fast (microsecond timescale) polarization changes in high speed long haul WDM transmission systems,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Technical Digest (CD) (Optical Society of America, 2004), paper FI3.
- [2]P. M. Krummrich, D. Ronnenberg, W. Schairer, D. Wienold, F. Jenau, and M. Herrmann, “Demanding response time requirements on coherent receivers due to fast polarization rotations caused by lightning events,” Opt. Express 24(11), 12442–12457 (2016). Crossref
- [4]J. Wuttke, P. M. Krummrich, and J. Rosch, “Polarization oscillations in aerial fiber caused by wind and power-line current,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 15(6), 882–884 (2003). Crossref
- [5]T. Brugière, T. H. R. Crawford, A. Mortelette, M. J. Tanoh, M. Reimer, M. O’Sullivan, D. Doucet, C. Tremblay, D. L. Peterson, T. J. Xia, G. A. Wellbrock, and M. P. Bélanger, “Polarization Activity Monitoring of an Aerial Fiber Link in a Live Network,” in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, OSA Technical Digest (online) (Optical Society of America, 2016), paper Tu3G.3. Crossref
- [6]L. E. Nelson, M. Birk, S. L. Woodward, and P. Magill, “Field Measurements of Polarization Transients on a Long-Haul Terrestrial Link,” in IEEE Photonic Society 24th Annual Meeting (IEEE,2011), pp. 833–834. Crossref
- [7]H. J. Christian, R. J. Blakeslee, D. J. Boccippio, W. L. Boeck, D. E. Buechler, K. T. Driscoll, S. J. Goodman, J. M. Hall, W. J. Koshak, D. M. Mach, and M. F. Stewart, “Global frequency and distribution of lightning as observed from space by the Optical Transient Detector,” J.Geophys. Res. 108(D1), ACL 4–1-ACL 4–15 (2003). Crossref
- [8]M. Kurono, M. Kuribara, and K. Isawa, “Field Measurements and a Study of Transient State of Polarization Produced in OPGW by Lightning,” Electr. Eng. Jpn. 128(4), 55–64 (1999). Crossref
- [9]R. Ednay, “Field Trial of PMD Test Methods and Investigation Into the Dynamics of Polarization Effects in a Variety of Installed Cable Environments,” in Terena Networking Conference, (2010).
Cited by
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Pellegrini, S., Minelli, L., Andrenacci, L., Rizzelli, G., Pilori, D., Bosco, G., Della Chiesa, L., Crognale, C., Piciaccia, S., & Gaudino, R. (2025) · Journal of Optical Communications and Networking · doi:10.1364/jocn.537881 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cui, N., Zheng, Z., Zhang, X., Yi, W., Guo, R., Zhang, W., Tang, X., Xu, H., & Xi, L. (2019) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.27.011557 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lei, Q., Li, Y., Song, H., Wang, W., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., & Liu, Y. (2023) · 2023 Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) · doi:10.1109/oecc56963.2023.10209623 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Charlton, D., Clarke, S., Doucet, D., O’Sullivan, M., Peterson, D. L., Wilson, D., Wellbrock, G., & Bélanger, M.
- Affiliations
- Ciena (Canada) (CA)
- Verizon (United States) (US)
- Venue
- Optics Express
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2017-04-19
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 9689
- ISSN
- 1094-4087 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2606939948
- Cited by
- 130
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 3.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Optics Express (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Lightning and Electromagnetic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optical Network Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry
- Keywords
- OPGW, polarization state, lightning strikes, Stokes parameters, optical fiber communication, field measurements
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