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Large-area periodically-poled lithium niobate wafer stacks optimized for high-energy narrowband terahertz generation
Open accessAbstract
Periodically-poled lithium niobate (PPLN) sources consisting of custom-built stacks of large-area wafers provide a unique opportunity to systematically study the multi-cycle terahertz (THz) generation mechanism as they are assembled layer-by-layer. Here we investigate and optimize the THz emission from PPLN wafer stacks as a function of wafer number, pump fluence, pulse duration and chirp, wafer separation, and pump focusing. Using 135 µ m-thick, 2"-diameter wafers we generate high-energy, narrowband THz pulses with central frequencies up to 0.39 THz, directly suitable for THz-driven particle acceleration applications. We explore the multi-cycle pulse build-up with increasing wafer numbers using electro-optic sampling measurements, achieving THz conversion efficiencies up to 0.17%, while demonstrating unique control over the pulse length and bandwidth these sources offer. Guided by simulations, observed frequency-dependence on both stack-mounting and pump focusing conditions have been attributed to inter-wafer etalon and Gouy phase-shifts respectively, revealing subtle features that are critical to the understanding and performance of PPLN wafer-stack sources for optimal narrowband THz generation.
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Multi-cycle THz pulses can be obtained from optical rectification, photoconductive antenna arrays, quantum cascade lasers, or free-electron lasers.
“Multi-cycle THz pulses can be obtained from optical rectification [19], photoconductive antenna arrays [20, 21], quantum cascade lasers [22], or free-electron lasers [23, 24].”
From A Tutorial on THz Pulse Analysis: Accurate Retrieval of Pulse Arrival Times, Spectral Energy Density and Absolute Spectral Phase (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
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Lloyd-Hughes, J., Chopra, N., Deveikis, J., Pandya, R., & Woolley, J. (2025) · Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves · doi:10.1007/s10762-025-01052-w · Cited by 6
“The key requirement is knowledge of the pulse’s arrival time, T 0 , which we provide methods for determining in the next Section, along with a Fourier treatment of the properties of THz pulses.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Mosley, C. D. W., Lake, D. S., Graham, D. M., Jamison, S. P., Appleby, R. B., Burt, G., & Hibberd, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Cockcroft Institute (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Optics Express
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2023-01-20
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 4041
- ISSN
- 1094-4087 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4311253177
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 1.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Optics Express (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/P002056/1, ST/T002735/1, ST/V001612/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Terahertz technology and applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
- Keywords
- periodically poled lithium niobate, terahertz generation, electro-optic sampling, Gouy phase
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