A New Paradigm in Eukaryotic Biology: HIV Tat and the Control of Transcriptional Elongation

Barboric, Matjaz; Peterlin, B. Matija

doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030076

Cited by 115Genomics and Chromatin DynamicsHIV Research and TreatmentNuclear Structure and Function

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A New Paradigm in Eukaryotic Biology: HIV Tat and the Control of Transcriptional Elongation

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Barboric, Matjaz, Peterlin, B. Matija·2005·PLoS Biology

DOI 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030076PMC PMC548956

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Abstract

Studies of the transcriptional transactivator (Tat), a key regulatory protein of HIV, have yielded insight into the control of eukaryotic transcription

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The HIV-1 promoter region includes a TAR element with a stem-loop structural motif in the R region.
“For example, the HIV-1 promoter region includes a TAR element with a stem-loop structural motif in the R region (Fig. 8A).”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Barboric and Peterlin 2005
The passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable) says TAR forms a stable RNA stem loop at the 5′ end of viral transcripts and links its transcription to the HIV long terminal repeat. The Figure 1 description (page unavailable) identifies the HIV LTR promoter and depicts TAR as a hairpin. Neither passage places TAR specifically in the R region. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the absence of TAR-Tat interaction, transcription can initiate inefficiently and transcripts are not elongated, halting virus replication.
“In the absence of TAR–Tat interaction, transcription can initiate, though inefficiently, and transcripts are not elongated, halting virus replication (Fig. 8A).”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Barboric and Peterlin 2005
The paper’s discussion of Tat and TAR (section labeled Abstract; page unavailable) says that without Tat, transcription begins but soon arrests, producing predominantly short viral transcripts. Its discussion of latency links low transcription or short transcripts to impaired viral replication. The claim overstates this as no transcript elongation and a categorical halt to replication; the paper describes predominant short transcripts and latency in many cells, not an absolute outcome. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The viral trans-activator Tat interacts with the TAR stem-loop motif, enhancing transcription and elongation of viral transcripts.
“The potent viral trans-activator Tat interacts with this stem-loop motif, enhancing the transcription and elongation of viral transcripts (Berkhout et al. 1989, Keen et al. 1997, Barboric and Peterlin 2005, Das et al. 2011, Schulze-Gahmen and Hurley 2018).”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Barboric and Peterlin 2005

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Authors: Barboric, M., & Peterlin, B. M.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Peterlin, B. Matija
ORCID: Peterlin, B. Matija
Venue: PLoS Biology
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2005-02-15
Volume: 3
Issue: 2
Pages: e76
ISSN: 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
1545-7885
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030076
PMC: PMC548956
OpenAlex: W1999460219
Cited by: 106
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
FWCI: 5.29
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI49104, R01AI049104)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Structure and Function
Keywords: HIV-1 Tat protein, transcription elongation, transcriptional activation, HIV gene expression, RNA polymerase II
MeSH terms: HIV, Models, Biological, Molecular Biology, RNA Polymerase II, Transcription, Genetic, Gene Products, tat, Transcriptional Elongation Factors, tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus

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A New Paradigm in Eukaryotic Biology: HIV Tat and the Control of Transcriptional Elongation

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