Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 433

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Association between Class III Obesity (BMI of 40–59 kg/m2) and Mortality: A Pooled Analysis of 20 Prospective Studies

Open access
Kitahara, Cari M., Flint, Alan J., Berrington de Gonzalez, Amy, Bernstein, Leslie, Brotzman, Michelle, MacInnis, Robert J., Moore, Steven C., Robien, Kim, Rosenberg, Philip S., Singh, Pramil N., Weiderpass, Elisabete, Adami, Hans Olov, Anton-Culver, Hoda, Ballard-Barbash, Rachel, Buring, Julie E., Freedman, D. Michal, Fraser, Gary E., Beane Freeman, Laura E., Gapstur, Susan M., Gaziano, John Michael, Giles, Graham G., Håkansson, Niclas, Hoppin, Jane A., Hu, Frank B., Koenig, Karen, Linet, Martha S., Park, Yikyung, Patel, Alpa V., Purdue, Mark P., Schairer, Catherine, Sesso, Howard D., Visvanathan, Kala, White, Emily, Wolk, Alicja, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, Anne, Hartge, Patricia·2014·PLoS Medicine
DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001673
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of class III obesity (body mass index [BMI]≥40 kg/m2) has increased dramatically in several countries and currently affects 6% of adults in the US, with uncertain impact on the risks of illness and death. Using data from a large pooled study, we evaluated the risk of death, overall and due to a wide range of causes, and years of life expectancy lost associated with class III obesity. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies from the United States, Sweden, and Australia, we estimated sex- and age-adjusted total and cause-specific mortality rates (deaths per 100,000 persons per year) and multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for adults, aged 19-83 y at baseline, classified as obese class III (BMI 40.0-59.9 kg/m2) compared with those classified as normal weight (BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m2). Participants reporting ever smoking cigarettes or a history of chronic disease (heart disease, cancer, stroke, or emphysema) on baseline questionnaires were excluded. Among 9,564 class III obesity participants, mortality rates were 856.0 in men and 663.0 in women during the study period (1976-2009). Among 304,011 normal-weight participants, rates were 346.7 and 280.5 in men and women, respectively. Deaths from heart disease contributed largely to the excess rates in the class III obesity group (rate differences = 238.9 and 132.8 in men and women, respectively), followed by deaths from cancer (rate differences = 36.7 and 62.3 in men and women, respectively) and diabetes (rate differences = 51.2 and 29.2 in men and women, respectively). Within the class III obesity range, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for total deaths and deaths due to heart disease, cancer, diabetes, nephritis/nephrotic syndrome/nephrosis, chronic lower respiratory disease, and influenza/pneumonia increased with increasing BMI. Compared with normal-weight BMI, a BMI of 40-44.9, 45-49.9, 50-54.9, and 55-59.9 kg/m2 was associated with an estimated 6.5 (95% CI: 5.7-7.3), 8.9 (95% CI: 7.4-10.4), 9.8 (95% CI: 7.4-12.2), and 13.7 (95% CI: 10.5-16.9) y of life lost. A limitation was that BMI was mainly ascertained by self-report. CONCLUSIONS: Class III obesity is associated with substantially elevated rates of total mortality, with most of the excess deaths due to heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, and major reductions in life expectancy compared with normal weight. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001673

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 7 references

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Kitahara, C. M., Flint, A. J., Berrington de Gonzalez, A., Bernstein, L., Brotzman, M., MacInnis, R. J., Moore, S. C., Robien, K., Rosenberg, P. S., Singh, P. N., Weiderpass, E., Adami, H. O., Anton-Culver, H., Ballard-Barbash, R., Buring, J. E., Freedman, D. M., Fraser, G. E., Beane Freeman, L. E., Gapstur, S. M., Gaziano, J. M., Giles, G. G., Håkansson, N., Hoppin, J. A., Hu, F. B., Koenig, K., Linet, M. S., Park, Y., Patel, A. V., Purdue, M. P., Schairer, C., Sesso, H. D., Visvanathan, K., White, E., Wolk, A., Zeleniuch-Jacquotte, A., & Hartge, P.
Venue
PLoS Medicine
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2014-07-08
Volume
11
Issue
7
Pages
e1001673
ISSN
  • 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
  • 1549-1676
DOI
10.1371/journal.pmed.1001673
OpenAlex
W2161849971
Cited by
433
References
7
FWCI
30.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.